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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter you buy and use is not important – as long as it meets a certain specification it will do the job nicely. This specification is below. Note that any modern multi-meter should meet this specification. The specification represents just the absolute minimum you should check for, and was originally drawn up for use when buying an analogue multi-meter (ie, one with a pointer). Most modern multi-meters are of a digital nature (ie, with a digital readout) and so will usually greatly exceed the minimum specification. While it’s impossible for me to comment on how you intend using your multi-meter, so it’s impossible for me to tell you which one to buy. On the other hand, it is possible for me to recommend a few specifications which you should try to match or better, when you buy your multi-meter. This is simply to ensure that your multi-meter will be as general-purpose as possible, and will perform measurements for you long after you progress from being a beginner in electronics to being an expert. The important points to remember are: ● it must have a sensitivity of at least 20 kΩ V -1 on d.c. ranges. (d.c. stands for direct current). ● it must have an accuracy of no worse than ±5%. ● 1 V. its smallest d.c. voltage range should be no greater than 33
Starting electronics Photo 2.5 A multi-meter — the one used throughout this book — although any multi-meter with at least the specification given will do ● its smallest current range should be no greater than 500 µA. ● it should measure resistance in at least three ranges. In practice, just about any modern multi-meter will meet and exceed this specification. Only older style analogue multi-meters may fall below it — digital multi-meters almost always exceed it. Using, a multi-meter is fairly simple. It will probably have a switch on the front, which turns so that you may select which range of measurement you want. When you have connected the multi-meter up to the circuit you wish to measure (a pair 34
Page 2 and 3: Starting Electronics i
Page 4 and 5: Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
Page 8 and 9: The very first steps 1 The very fir
Page 10 and 11: The very first steps potential rewa
Page 12 and 13: The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
Page 14 and 15: The very first steps that electrici
Page 16 and 17: The very first steps Going back to
Page 18 and 19: The very first steps tially exist.
Page 20 and 21: The very first steps by a scientist
Page 22 and 23: The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
Page 24 and 25: The very first steps Electronic com
Page 26 and 27: The very first steps Larger values
Page 28 and 29: The very first steps Time out That
Page 30 and 31: On the boards 2 On the boards In th
Page 32 and 33: On the boards If you are following
Page 34 and 35: On the boards Hint: The theoretical
Page 36 and 37: On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
Page 38 and 39: On the boards Down the edges of the
Page 42 and 43: On the boards of leads should be su
Page 44 and 45: On the boards it gets older and sta
Page 46 and 47: On the boards Hint: The bands group
Page 48 and 49: On the boards In practice, you migh
Page 50 and 51: On the boards called just ohmmeter)
Page 52 and 53: On the boards ends. We say resistor
Page 54 and 55: On the boards we would get: and thi
Page 56 and 57: On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
Page 58 and 59: Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
Page 60 and 61: Measuring current and voltage forme
Page 62 and 63: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 64 and 65: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 66 and 67: Measuring current and voltage Did y
Page 68 and 69: Measuring current and voltage Figur
Page 72 and 73: Practically there Measuring current
Page 74 and 75: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 78 and 79: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 82 and 83: Measuring current and voltage Hint:
Page 84 and 85: Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
Page 86 and 87: Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
Page 88 and 89: Capacitors In our experiments in th
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Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
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Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
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Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
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Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Digital integrated circuits I going
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Digital integrated circuits I OR an
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Digital integrated circuits I For t
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Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
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Digital integrated circuits II A se
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Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Digital integrated circuits II gate
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Digital integrated circuits II In o
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Digital integrated circuits II Figu
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Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Digital integrated circuits II The
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Open the black box Digital integrat
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Digital integrated circuits II Ther
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Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
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Glossary bode plots method of showi
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Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Glossary integrated circuit a semic
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Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
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Glossary squarewave a signal which
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Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289:
Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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