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Starting electronics<br />

Figure 7.18 The breadboard layout of the circuit in Figure 7.16<br />

now fairly steady at about 6V5 indicating that smoothing has<br />

occurred. Although you can’t see it, the voltage waveform<br />

would look something like that in Figure 7.17(b), with a ripple<br />

voltage of about 1 V. The breadboard layout for the circuit is<br />

shown in Figure 7.20.<br />

We can show what happens when load current increases<br />

by putting a lower value load resistor in circuit — take out<br />

the 100 kΩ resistor and put a 10 kΩ resistor in its place. The<br />

ripple voltage now increases causing greater changes in the<br />

d.c. output level, and the whole waveform is shown as Figure<br />

7.17(c).<br />

164

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