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Glossary squarewave a signal which oscillates between two fixed voltages. stabilise to produce a fixed d.c. voltage from a smoothed one. three-rail power supply a power supply which has a positive supply rail, a negative supply rail, and a 0 V supply rail. time constant (t) the product of the capacitance and the resistance in a capacitor/ resistor charging or discharging circuit. track the fixed resistive part of a potentiometer. transfer characteristic a graph of collector current against base current (for a transistor in common emitter mode). transistor a three layer semiconductor device, which may consist of a thin P-type layer sandwiched between two layers of N-type (as in the NPN transistor), or a thin layer of N-type material between two layers of P-type (as in the PNP transistor). transition voltage the knee or sharp corner of a diode characteristic when forward biased. volt standard unit to measure electrical potential difference. Symbolised by V. voltage potential difference — the flow pressure of electricity. 277
Starting electronics voltage divider, potential divider a number of electronic components in a network (usually two series resistors) which allows a reduction in voltage according to the voltage divider rule. voltage divider rule voltage follower an op-amp circuit, in which the op-amp is connected as a unity gain, non-inverting amplifier. voltage regulator an integrated circuit which contains a stabilising circuit. wavelength the distance between two identical and consecutive points of a periodic waveform. wiper that part of a potentiometer which is adjustable along the resistive track. zener diode a special type of diode which exploits the breakdown effect of a diode when reverse biased. zero adjust knob the control on an ohmmeter which allows the user to zero the multi-meter. zeroing a multi-meter the adjustment made to an ohmmeter to take into account differences in voltage of the internal cell. 278
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
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The very first steps potential rewa
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The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
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The very first steps that electrici
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The very first steps Going back to
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The very first steps tially exist.
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The very first steps by a scientist
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The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
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The very first steps Electronic com
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The very first steps Larger values
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The very first steps Time out That
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On the boards 2 On the boards In th
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On the boards If you are following
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On the boards Hint: The theoretical
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On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
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On the boards Down the edges of the
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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
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On the boards of leads should be su
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On the boards it gets older and sta
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On the boards Hint: The bands group
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On the boards In practice, you migh
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On the boards called just ohmmeter)
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On the boards ends. We say resistor
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On the boards we would get: and thi
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On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
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Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
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Measuring current and voltage forme
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Did y
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Measuring current and voltage Figur
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Practically there Measuring current
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Hint:
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Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
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Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
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Capacitors In our experiments in th
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Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
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Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
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Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
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Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Page 234 and 235: Digital integrated circuits I Figur
Page 238 and 239: Digital integrated circuits I going
Page 240 and 241: Digital integrated circuits I OR an
Page 242 and 243: Digital integrated circuits I For t
Page 248 and 249: Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
Page 250 and 251: Digital integrated circuits II A se
Page 252 and 253: Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
Page 254 and 255: Digital integrated circuits II gate
Page 256 and 257: Digital integrated circuits II In o
Page 258 and 259: Digital integrated circuits II Figu
Page 260 and 261: Digital integrated circuits II Swit
Page 262 and 263: Digital integrated circuits II The
Page 268 and 269: Open the black box Digital integrat
Page 272 and 273: Digital integrated circuits II Ther
Page 274 and 275: Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
Page 276 and 277: Glossary bode plots method of showi
Page 278 and 279: Glossary decibels logarithmic units
Page 280 and 281: Glossary integrated circuit a semic
Page 282 and 283: Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
Page 286 and 287: Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289: Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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