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Measuring current and voltage formed on the very end of the lead, preventing the lead from being pushed into your breadboard, just cut it off using your side cutters. We’ll start our study, this chapter, with a brief recap of the ideas we covered in the last chapter. We saw then that resistors in series may be considered as a single equivalent resistor, whose resistance is found by adding together the resistance of each resistor. This is called the law of series resistors, which is given mathematically by: Similarly, there is a law of parallel resistors, by which the single equivalent resistance of a number of resistors connected in parallel is given by: Using these two laws many involved circuits may be broken down, step by step, into an equivalent circuit consisting of only one equivalent resistor. The circuit in Figure 2.9 last chapter was one such example and, if you remember, your homework was to calculate the current I from the battery. To do this you first have to find the single equivalent resistance of the whole network, then use Ohm’s law to calculate the current. Figure 3.1 shows the first stage in tackling the problem, by dividing the network up into a number of smaller networks. Using the two expressions above, associated with resistors in series and parallel, we can start to calculate the equivalent resistances of each small network as follows: 53
Starting electronics Figure 3.1 A resistor network in which the total resistance can only be calculated by breaking it down into blocks Network A Network A consists of two resistors in parallel. The equivalent resistance, R A , may therefore be calculated from the above expression for parallel resistors. However, we saw in the last chapter that the resistance of only two parallel resistors is given by the much simpler expression: which gives: 54
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
Page 10 and 11: The very first steps potential rewa
Page 12 and 13: The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
Page 14 and 15: The very first steps that electrici
Page 16 and 17: The very first steps Going back to
Page 18 and 19: The very first steps tially exist.
Page 20 and 21: The very first steps by a scientist
Page 22 and 23: The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
Page 24 and 25: The very first steps Electronic com
Page 26 and 27: The very first steps Larger values
Page 28 and 29: The very first steps Time out That
Page 30 and 31: On the boards 2 On the boards In th
Page 32 and 33: On the boards If you are following
Page 34 and 35: On the boards Hint: The theoretical
Page 36 and 37: On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
Page 38 and 39: On the boards Down the edges of the
Page 40 and 41: On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
Page 42 and 43: On the boards of leads should be su
Page 44 and 45: On the boards it gets older and sta
Page 46 and 47: On the boards Hint: The bands group
Page 48 and 49: On the boards In practice, you migh
Page 50 and 51: On the boards called just ohmmeter)
Page 52 and 53: On the boards ends. We say resistor
Page 54 and 55: On the boards we would get: and thi
Page 56 and 57: On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
Page 58 and 59: Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
Page 62 and 63: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 64 and 65: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 66 and 67: Measuring current and voltage Did y
Page 68 and 69: Measuring current and voltage Figur
Page 72 and 73: Practically there Measuring current
Page 74 and 75: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 78 and 79: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 82 and 83: Measuring current and voltage Hint:
Page 84 and 85: Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
Page 86 and 87: Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
Page 88 and 89: Capacitors In our experiments in th
Page 90 and 91: Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
Page 92 and 93: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 94 and 95: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 96 and 97: Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
Page 98 and 99: Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
Page 100 and 101: Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
Page 102 and 103: Capacitors plates of the capacitor
Page 104 and 105: Capacitors where ε is the permitti
Page 106 and 107: ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
Page 108 and 109: ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Digital integrated circuits I going
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Digital integrated circuits I OR an
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Digital integrated circuits I For t
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Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
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Digital integrated circuits II A se
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Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Digital integrated circuits II gate
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Digital integrated circuits II In o
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Digital integrated circuits II Figu
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Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Digital integrated circuits II The
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Open the black box Digital integrat
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Digital integrated circuits II Ther
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Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
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Glossary bode plots method of showi
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Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Glossary integrated circuit a semic
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Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
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Glossary squarewave a signal which
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Glossary Components used Resistors
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Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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