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On the boards ends. We say resistors joined together at both ends are in parallel. Figure 2.7 shows the circuit diagram of two resistors joined in parallel, and Figure 2.8 shows a breadboard layout. Both these resistors are, again, 10 k resistors. What do you think the overall resistance will be? It’s certainly not 20 k! Measure it yourself using your multi-meter and breadboard. You should find that the overall resistance is 5 k. Odd, eh? Replace the two 10 k resistors with resistors of different value say, two 150 Ω resistors (brown, green, brown). The overall resistance is 75 Ω. Figure 2.7 symbol The circuit diagram for two resistors in parallel, with the meter So, we can see that if two equal value resistors are in parallel, the overall resistance is half the value of one of them. This is a quite useful fact to remember when two parallel resistors are equal in value, but what happens when they’re not? 45
Starting electronics Figure 2.8 The two parallel resistors shown in the breadboard, with the meter in place to test their combined resistance Try the same circuit, but with unequal resistors this time, say, one of 10 k and the other of 1k5 (brown, green, red — shouldn’t you be learning the resistor colour code?). What is the overall resistance? You should find it’s about 1k3 — neither one thing nor the other! So, what’s the relationship? Well, a clue to the relationship between parallel resistors comes from the fact that, in a funny sort of way, parallel is the inverse of series. So if we inverted the formula for series resistors we saw earlier: 46
Page 2 and 3: Starting Electronics i
Page 4 and 5: Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
Page 8 and 9: The very first steps 1 The very fir
Page 10 and 11: The very first steps potential rewa
Page 12 and 13: The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
Page 14 and 15: The very first steps that electrici
Page 16 and 17: The very first steps Going back to
Page 18 and 19: The very first steps tially exist.
Page 20 and 21: The very first steps by a scientist
Page 22 and 23: The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
Page 24 and 25: The very first steps Electronic com
Page 26 and 27: The very first steps Larger values
Page 28 and 29: The very first steps Time out That
Page 30 and 31: On the boards 2 On the boards In th
Page 32 and 33: On the boards If you are following
Page 34 and 35: On the boards Hint: The theoretical
Page 36 and 37: On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
Page 38 and 39: On the boards Down the edges of the
Page 40 and 41: On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
Page 42 and 43: On the boards of leads should be su
Page 44 and 45: On the boards it gets older and sta
Page 46 and 47: On the boards Hint: The bands group
Page 48 and 49: On the boards In practice, you migh
Page 50 and 51: On the boards called just ohmmeter)
Page 54 and 55: On the boards we would get: and thi
Page 56 and 57: On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
Page 58 and 59: Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
Page 60 and 61: Measuring current and voltage forme
Page 62 and 63: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 64 and 65: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 66 and 67: Measuring current and voltage Did y
Page 68 and 69: Measuring current and voltage Figur
Page 72 and 73: Practically there Measuring current
Page 74 and 75: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 78 and 79: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 82 and 83: Measuring current and voltage Hint:
Page 84 and 85: Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
Page 86 and 87: Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
Page 88 and 89: Capacitors In our experiments in th
Page 90 and 91: Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
Page 92 and 93: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 94 and 95: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 96 and 97: Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
Page 98 and 99: Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
Page 100 and 101: Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
Page 102 and 103:
Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
Page 190 and 191:
Transistors These two operational m
Page 192 and 193:
Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Page 202 and 203:
Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Page 206 and 207:
Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Page 228 and 229:
Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Digital integrated circuits I going
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Digital integrated circuits I OR an
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Digital integrated circuits I For t
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Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
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Digital integrated circuits II A se
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Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Digital integrated circuits II gate
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Digital integrated circuits II In o
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Digital integrated circuits II Figu
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Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Digital integrated circuits II The
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Page 266 and 267:
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Open the black box Digital integrat
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Page 272 and 273:
Digital integrated circuits II Ther
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Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
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Glossary bode plots method of showi
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Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Glossary integrated circuit a semic
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Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
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Glossary squarewave a signal which
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Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289:
Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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