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Glossary peak voltage the voltage measured at the peak of an a.c. signal. periodic any a.c. signal which repeats itself regularly over a period of time is said to be periodic. permittivity (e) a ratio of capacitance against material thickness, of a capacitor dielectric. phase shifted two similar a.c. signals which are out-of-phase i.e., start their respective cycles at different times are said to be phase shifted. pointer the indicator on a multi-meter. potentiometer a variable voltage divider used in electronic circuits. Many types exist. preset a potentiometer which is set on manufacture and not normally readjusted. quiescent current the standing current through a transistor due to the applied bias current. radial a component body shape in which both connecting leads come out of one end of a tubular body. range measurement which a multi-meter is set to read. reactance a physical property of a capacitor which may be likened to a.c. resistance. relative permittivity the ratio of how many times greater a material’s permittivity is than that of air. relaxation oscillator an oscillator relying on the principle of a charging and discharging capacitor. 275
Starting electronics resistance property of a substance to resist the flow of current. Measured in ohms. resistance converter another term for voltage follower. resistor electronic component used to control electricity. A large number of different types and values are available. reverse biased a diode is reverse biased when its cathode is at a more positive potential than its anode. ripple voltage the small a.c. voltage superimposed on the large d.c. voltage supplied by a power supply. saturation reverse current the small reverse current which occurs when a diode is reverse biased but not broken down. scale the numbers marked on a multi-meter which the pointer points to. self-bias a form of biasing a common emitter transistor which regulates any variance in the transistor’s current gain. series joined end-to-end, in line. sinewave a constantly varying a.c. signal. Sinewaves are generally used to test electronic circuits as they comprise a periodic signal of one signal frequency. smoothing the process of averaging out a rectified d.c. wave, so that the resultant waveform is more nearly steady. 276
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
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The very first steps 1 The very fir
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The very first steps potential rewa
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The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
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The very first steps that electrici
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The very first steps Going back to
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The very first steps tially exist.
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The very first steps by a scientist
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The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
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The very first steps Electronic com
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The very first steps Larger values
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The very first steps Time out That
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On the boards 2 On the boards In th
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On the boards If you are following
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On the boards Hint: The theoretical
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On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
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On the boards Down the edges of the
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On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
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On the boards of leads should be su
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On the boards it gets older and sta
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On the boards Hint: The bands group
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On the boards In practice, you migh
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On the boards called just ohmmeter)
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On the boards ends. We say resistor
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On the boards we would get: and thi
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On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
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Measuring current and voltage 3 Mea
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Measuring current and voltage forme
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Netwo
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Measuring current and voltage Did y
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Measuring current and voltage Figur
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Practically there Measuring current
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Take
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Measuring current and voltage Hint:
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Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
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Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
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Capacitors In our experiments in th
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Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
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Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
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Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
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Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
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Capacitors plates of the capacitor
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Capacitors where ε is the permitti
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ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Page 242 and 243: Digital integrated circuits I For t
Page 248 and 249: Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
Page 250 and 251: Digital integrated circuits II A se
Page 252 and 253: Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Page 256 and 257: Digital integrated circuits II In o
Page 258 and 259: Digital integrated circuits II Figu
Page 260 and 261: Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Page 268 and 269: Open the black box Digital integrat
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Page 274 and 275: Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
Page 276 and 277: Glossary bode plots method of showi
Page 278 and 279: Glossary decibels logarithmic units
Page 280 and 281: Glossary integrated circuit a semic
Page 284 and 285: Glossary squarewave a signal which
Page 286 and 287: Glossary Components used Resistors
Page 288 and 289: Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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