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Measuring current and voltage 3 Measuring current and voltage There’s not too much to buy for this chapter of Starting Electronics. As usual there’s a small number of resistors: ● ● ● 2 x lk5 1 x 4k7 2 x 100 k As before, power ratings and tolerance of these resistors are not important. We’re looking at current and voltage in our experiments in this chapter, so you’ll need to have a voltage and current source. The easiest and cheapest method is a simple battery. PP3, PP6, or PP9 sizes are best — as we need a 9 V source. 51
Starting electronics Whichever battery you buy, you’ll also need its corresponding battery connectors. These normally come as a pair of push-on connectors and coloured connecting leads. The red lead connects to the positive battery terminal; the black lead connects to the negative terminal. The ends of the connecting leads furthest from the battery are normally stripped of insulation for about the last few millimetres or so, and tinned. Tinning is the process whereby the loose ends of the lead are soldered together. If the leads are tinned you’ll be able to push them straight into your breadboard. If the leads aren’t tinned, on the other hand, don’t just push them in because the individual strands of wire may break off and jam up the breadboard. Instead, tin them yourself using your soldering iron and some multicored solder. The following steps should be adhered to: 1) twist the strands of the leads between your thumb and first finger, so that they are tightly wound, with no loose strands, 2) switch on the soldering iron. When it has heated up, tin the iron’s tip with multicore solder until the end is bright and shiny with molten solder. If necessary, wipe off excess solder or dirt from the tip, on a piece of damp sponge; keep a small piece of sponge just for this purpose, 3) apply the tip of the iron to the lead end, and when the wires are hot enough apply the multicore solder. The solder should flow over the wires smoothly. Quickly remove the tip and the multicore solder, allowing the lead to cool naturally (don’t blow on it as the solder may crack if it cools too quickly). The lead end should be covered in solder, but no excess solder should be present. If a small blob of solder has 52
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Starting Electronics i
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Starting Electronics Keith Brindley
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Contents Contents Preface vi 1. The
Page 8 and 9: The very first steps 1 The very fir
Page 10 and 11: The very first steps potential rewa
Page 12 and 13: The very first steps Photo 1.2 tool
Page 14 and 15: The very first steps that electrici
Page 16 and 17: The very first steps Going back to
Page 18 and 19: The very first steps tially exist.
Page 20 and 21: The very first steps by a scientist
Page 22 and 23: The very first steps Hint: Ohm’s
Page 24 and 25: The very first steps Electronic com
Page 26 and 27: The very first steps Larger values
Page 28 and 29: The very first steps Time out That
Page 30 and 31: On the boards 2 On the boards In th
Page 32 and 33: On the boards If you are following
Page 34 and 35: On the boards Hint: The theoretical
Page 36 and 37: On the boards Photo 2.2 Inside brea
Page 38 and 39: On the boards Down the edges of the
Page 40 and 41: On the boards Hint: The multi-meter
Page 42 and 43: On the boards of leads should be su
Page 44 and 45: On the boards it gets older and sta
Page 46 and 47: On the boards Hint: The bands group
Page 48 and 49: On the boards In practice, you migh
Page 50 and 51: On the boards called just ohmmeter)
Page 52 and 53: On the boards ends. We say resistor
Page 54 and 55: On the boards we would get: and thi
Page 56 and 57: On the boards Figure 2.9 A comparat
Page 60 and 61: Measuring current and voltage forme
Page 62 and 63: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 64 and 65: Measuring current and voltage Netwo
Page 66 and 67: Measuring current and voltage Did y
Page 68 and 69: Measuring current and voltage Figur
Page 72 and 73: Practically there Measuring current
Page 74 and 75: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 78 and 79: Measuring current and voltage Take
Page 82 and 83: Measuring current and voltage Hint:
Page 84 and 85: Capacitors 4 Capacitors You need a
Page 86 and 87: Capacitors Capacitors We’re going
Page 88 and 89: Capacitors In our experiments in th
Page 90 and 91: Capacitors Figure 4.4 A simple resi
Page 92 and 93: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 94 and 95: Capacitors Time (seconds) 5 10 15 2
Page 96 and 97: Capacitors In a capacitor circuit l
Page 98 and 99: Capacitors Figure 4.11 An experimen
Page 100 and 101: Capacitors Time (seconds) Voltage (
Page 102 and 103: Capacitors plates of the capacitor
Page 104 and 105: Capacitors where ε is the permitti
Page 106 and 107: ICs oscillators and filters 5 ICs,
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ICs oscillators and filters Photo 5
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ICs oscillators and filters We’ve
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ICs oscillators and filters an osci
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ICs oscillators and filters (a) (b)
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ICs oscillators and filters Ouch, t
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ICs oscillators and filters output
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters voltage
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ICs oscillators and filters Value o
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ICs oscillators and filters Figure
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ICs oscillators and filters simple
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Diodes I 6 Diodes I We’re going t
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Diodes I Photo 6.1 A horizontal pre
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Diodes I Now, with a resistance of
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Diodes I here. We needn’t know an
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Diodes I Figure 6.9 The breadboard
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Diodes I but we never said it was a
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Diodes I Current (mA) Voltage (V) 0
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Diodes I voltages, reverse currents
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Diodes I battery voltage of 9 V sim
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Diodes I Figure 6.17 The circuit, w
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Diodes I Figure 6.19 My results fro
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Diodes II 7 Diodes II In the last c
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Diodes II the same experiment we di
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Diodes II We need to draw diode cha
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Diodes II Generally, diodes don’t
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Diodes II Diode voltage (VD) Resist
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Diodes II Diode circuits We’re no
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Diodes II Figure 7.9 Waveforms show
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Diodes II Filter tips Although we
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Diodes II We’ve already seen a de
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Diodes II as that from a 230 V a.c.
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Diodes II Figure 7.19 The same circ
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Transistors 8 Transistors In previo
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Transistors Figure 8.1 How to recog
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Transistors Black meter lead Red me
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Transistors Well, as mentioned earl
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Transistors Figure 8.8 A breadboard
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Transistors In effect, the transist
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Transistors Figure 8.10 transistors
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Transistors Hint: Yes, that’s rig
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Transistors These two operational m
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Analogue integrated circuits 9 Anal
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits Figure
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Building on blocs Analogue integrat
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Analogue integrated circuits As the
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Analogue integrated circuits circui
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Analogue integrated circuits an app
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Digital integrated circuits I 10 Di
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Digital integrated circuits I Logic
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Digital integrated circuits I If we
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Digital integrated circuits I Figur
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Digital integrated circuits I It’
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Digital integrated circuits I The t
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Digital integrated circuits I Trans
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Digital integrated circuits I going
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Digital integrated circuits I OR an
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Digital integrated circuits I For t
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Digital integrated circuits II 11 D
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Digital integrated circuits II A se
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Shutting the ’stable gate Digital
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Digital integrated circuits II gate
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Digital integrated circuits II In o
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Digital integrated circuits II Figu
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Digital integrated circuits II Swit
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Digital integrated circuits II The
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Open the black box Digital integrat
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Digital integrated circuits II Ther
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Glossary Glossary 180 ° out-of-pha
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Glossary bode plots method of showi
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Glossary decibels logarithmic units
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Glossary integrated circuit a semic
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Glossary peak voltage the voltage m
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Glossary squarewave a signal which
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Glossary Components used Resistors
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Glossary Index A ampere, 9 AND gate
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