GUIDE WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING - WMO

More documents

Recommendations

Info

142 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING Fetch graph. Distorted co-cumulative spectra for wind speeds from 36 to 56 knots as a function of the fetch
REFERENCES Abbott, M. B., H. H. Petersen and O. Skovgaard, 1978: Computations of short waves in shallow water. Proc. 16th Coastal Engineering Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 414–433. Abreu, M., A. Larazza and E. B. Thornton, 1992: Non-linear transformation of directional wave spectra in shallow water. J. Geophys. Res., 97(C10), 15,579–15,589. Allender, J., T. Audunson, S. F. Barstow, S. Bjerken, H. E. Krogstad, P. Steinbakke, L. Vartdal, L. Borgman and C. Graham, 1989: The WADIC Project: A comprehensive field evaluation of directional wave instrumentation. Ocean Engineering, 161, 505–536. AWS, 1995: Forecasters guide to tropical meteorology. Air Weather Service, Illinois, USA, AWS TR 240, Updated by Colin S. Ramage. August 1995, 462 pp. Bacon, S. and D. J. T. Carter, 1991: Wave climate changes in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Int. J. of Climatology, 11, 545–558. Barnett, T. P., 1968: On the generation, dissipation and prediction of ocean wind-waves. J. Geophys. Res., 73, 513–529. Barrick, D. E. and J. F. Gower (Eds.), 1986: Special issue on HF radar oceanography. IEEE Jour. Oceanic Eng., April l986. Barstow, S. F., 1995: Wave climate assessment by satellite remote sensing. Proc. Fifth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. (ISOPE-1995), The Hague, Netherlands, June 1995. Barstow, S. F. and T. Kollstad, 1991: Field trials of the Directional Waverider. Proc. First International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. (ISOPE-1991), Edinburgh, Scotland, August 1991. Barstow, S. F., O. Haug and T. van der Vlugt, 1994(a): A field validation of a Directional Waverider in a SEAWATCH buoy. Proc. of the Oceans '94 Conf., Brest, France, Sept. 1993, Vol 2, 32–37. Barstow, S. F., T. I. Bern, S. Bjerken, T. I. Brate, O. Haug, O. G. Houmb and H. E. Krogstad, 1994(b): World wave climatologies from satellite altimeters. Proc. of the OCEANS '94 Conf., Brest, France, Sept. 1993, Vol. 2., 64–68. Battjes, J. A., 1972: Long-term wave height distributions at seven stations around the British Isles. Deut. Hydrogr. Z., 25(4), 179–189. Battjes, J. A. and J. P. F. M. Janssen, 1978: Energy loss and set-up due to breaking in random waves. Proc. 16th Coastal Engineering Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 569–587. Battjes, J. A., Y. Eldeberky and Y. Won, 1993: Spectral Boussinesq modelling of breaking waves. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Ocean Wave Measurements and Analysis, New Orleans, USA, 813–820. Beale, R. C., 1981: Spatial evolution of ocean wave spectra. In: Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar for oceanography, R. Beale, P. De Leonibus, E. Katz (Eds), The Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, 7, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 110–127. Bendat, J. S. and A. G. Piersol, 1971: Random data: analysis and measurement procedures. Wiley Interscience, New York. Berkhoff, J. C. W., 1972: Computation of combined refraction-diffraction. Proc. 13th Coastal Engineering Conference, 471–490. Bjerke, P. L. and K. Torsethaugen, 1989: Environmental conditions on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, Barents Sea. SINTEF NHL Report No. STF60 A89052, Trondheim, Norway. Blackadar, A. K., 1965: A simplified two-layer model of the baroclinic neutral atmospheric boundary layer. Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab. Report, 65-531, 49–65. Blackman, R. B. and J. W. Tukey, 1959: The measurement of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering. Dover, New York.
Page 1 and 2:
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION G
Page 3 and 4:
© 1998, World Meteorological Organ
Page 5 and 6:
IV Chapter 7 - WAVES IN SHALLOW WAT
Page 7 and 8:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The revision of th
Page 9 and 10:
VIII has been included particularly
Page 11 and 12:
X considerable attention. Annex III
Page 13 and 14:
2 η Crest Zero level a H = 2a a Tr
Page 15 and 16:
4 Figure 1.5 — Paths of the water
Page 17 and 18:
6 When waves propagate into shallow
Page 19 and 20:
8 1.3.2 Wave groups and group veloc
Page 21 and 22:
10 wavelengths in a given sea state
Page 23 and 24:
12 for instance, a frequency of 0.1
Page 25 and 26:
14 in which E(f) is the variance de
Page 27 and 28:
16 2.1.1 Wind and pressure analyses
Page 29 and 30:
18 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FOREC
Page 31 and 32:
20 Figure 2.2(a) (right) — Usual
Page 33 and 34:
22 As a quick approximation of ocea
Page 35 and 36:
24 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FOREC
Page 37 and 38:
26 Gr G Gr ∇p C Cnf ∇p C Cnf
Page 39 and 40:
28 POINT C — The effect of warm a
Page 41 and 42:
30 a general sense, and can be appl
Page 43 and 44:
32 Free atmosphere Ekman layer Cons
Page 45 and 46:
3.1 Introduction This chapter gives
Page 47 and 48:
ange of directions. Also, waves at
Page 49 and 50:
small enough that swell can survive
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 3.7 — Structure of spectra
Page 53 and 54:
4.1 Introduction CHAPTER 4 WAVE FOR
Page 55 and 56:
necessary to forecast waves for a p
Page 57 and 58:
TABLE 4.4 Additional wave informati
Page 59 and 60:
TABLE 4.6 Ranges of swell periods a
Page 61 and 62:
this situation, the angular spreadi
Page 63 and 64:
the energy flux is c gH 2 . This is
Page 65 and 66:
α0, degrees Solution: 80° 70° 60
Page 67 and 68:
5.1 Introduction National Meteorolo
Page 69 and 70:
only once, since it is usual to sto
Page 71 and 72:
Frequency 0.050 0.067 0.083 0.100 0
Page 73 and 74:
The models may differ in several re
Page 75 and 76:
The CH class may include many semi-
Page 77 and 78:
6.1 Introductory remarks Since the
Page 79 and 80:
in some applications, the zero up/d
Page 81 and 82:
OPERATIONAL WAVE MODELS 71 Figure 6
Page 83 and 84:
give large differences in the compa
Page 85 and 86:
Wind (m/s) Waves (m) Buoy/GSOWM Wav
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 6.2 Numerical wave models ope
Page 89 and 90:
TABLE 6.2 (cont.) Country Name of m
Page 91 and 92:
7.1 Introduction The evolution of w
Page 93 and 94:
water boundary into shallow water.
Page 95 and 96:
eflected waves, although the latter
Page 97 and 98:
Energy (cm 2 /Hz) Energy (cm 2 /Hz)
Page 99 and 100:
8.1 Introduction Wave data are ofte
Page 101 and 102: matter and timing the intervals bet
Page 103 and 104: a Directional Waverider (Barstow et
Page 105 and 106: 80°N 60°N 40°N 20°N 0° -20°S
Page 107 and 108: a combination of sea-surface temper
Page 109 and 110: 8.7.1 Digital analysis of wave reco
Page 111 and 112: 9.1 Introduction Chapter 8 describe
Page 113 and 114: Presentation of data and wave clima
Page 115 and 116: the monsoon season of June to Septe
Page 117 and 118: Probability of non-exceedance case
Page 119 and 120: individual wave height derived usin
Page 121 and 122: emote, data-sparse areas. However,
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 9.2 (cont.) Country Source of
Page 125 and 126: For a storm hindcast, select the mo
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 9.3 (cont.) Country Model use
Page 129 and 130: ANNEX I ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY TO SY
Page 131 and 132: Abbreviation/ Definition Symbol MOS
Page 133 and 134: CODE FORM: D . . . . D or IIiii* SE
Page 135 and 136: sensors, spectral peak wave period
Page 137 and 138: cs1cs1 The ratio of the spectral de
Page 139 and 140: M jM j n mn m n smn sm n bn bn b P
Page 141 and 142: 1744 Im Indicator for method of cal
Page 143 and 144: The following distributions are bri
Page 145 and 146: 4. Weibull distribution Probability
Page 147 and 148: 8. Fisher-Tippett Type I (FT-I) (or
Page 149 and 150: ANNEX IV THE PNJ (PIERSON-NEUMANN-J
Page 151: ANNEX IV 141 Duration graph. Distor
Page 155 and 156: REFERENCES 145 Carter, D. J. T., P.
Page 157 and 158: REFERENCES 147 Gumbel, E. J., 1958:
Page 159 and 160: REFERENCES 149 Maat, N., C. Kraan a
Page 161 and 162: Slutz, R. J., S. J. Lubker, J. D. H
Page 163 and 164: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY CERC, 1984: C
Page 165 and 166: 156 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 167 and 168: 158 steepness . . . . . . . . . . .
show all

GUIDE WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING - WMO

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?