GUIDE WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING - WMO

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76 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING Figure 6.7 — Verification of global wave height field generated by the WAM model against wave heights measured by the radar altimeter aboard the satellite ERS-1 (radar altimeter wave heights from 25 September, 21 UTC, to 26 September 1992, 03 UTC; model field 26 September 1992, 00 UTC) (source: A. Guillaume, while at ECMWF, UK)
TABLE 6.2 Numerical wave models operated by national Meteorological Services Country Name of model Area Grid Type of model Products Source of wind information AUSTRALIA WAM Global 3° x 3° Deep water, Forecasts (+12 to +48 h), significant wave, Australian global NWP model, GASP lat./long. coupled spectral swell and wind-sea height, period, direction WAM Australian region 1° x 1° Forecasts (+12 to +36 h) Australian regional NWP model RASP 80°E–180°, 0°–60°S lat./long. CANADA Canadian Spectral North Atlantic Coarse mesh Deep water, 4-panel charts (t + 0, 12, 24, 36) plots of swell Regional Finite Element (RFE) model Ocean Wave Model (1.08° long.) 1st generation height and period, wind-wave height and period, surface wind applicable at 10 m level (CSOWM) transverse spectral surface wind speed and direction, contours of Mercator significant wave height CSOWM North Pacific Coarse mesh Deep water, 4-panel charts (t + 0, 12, 24, 36) plots of swell Global spectral model 1 000 hPa winds (1.08° long.) 1st generation height and period, wind-wave height and period, transverse spectral surface wind speed and direction, contours of Mercator significant wave height OPERATIONAL WAVE MODELS 77 EUROPE WAM Global 1.5° x 1.5° Deep/shallow water 2-D spectra, significant wave height, mean direction, Surface winds (10 m) from ECMWF (EU) lat./long. modes, coupled peak period of 1-D spectra, mean wave period. T+0 analyses and forecasts spectral to T+120 at 6-h intervals; T+132 to T+240 at 12-h intervals. Outputs coded into FM 92-X Ext. GRIB WAM Baltic and 0.25° x 0.25° Same as global model except for T+0 to T+120 at Mediterranean lat./long. 6-h intervals FRANCE VAGMED Western 35 km polar Deep water, coupled Forecast every 3 h up to 48 h. Maps of wave Wind fields from the fine mesh model Mediterranean stereographic at discrete model height contours with swell and wind-sea directions. PERIDOT Sea 60°N Directional spectra (telex). Archive of analysed 2-D spectra and of forecast height fields VAGATLA North Atlantic 150 km polar Deep water, coupled Forecasts every 6 h up to 48 h. Maps of wave Wind fields from EMERAUDE model stereographic at discrete model, height contours with swell and wind-sea directions. 60°N 2nd generation Directional spectra (telex). Archive of analysed 2-D spectra and of forecast height fields GERMANY Deutscher Atlantic, north of Deep water, coupled Prognoses for 6 h, then at 12-h intervals to 96 h BKF model, 950 hPa level, diagnostically Wetterdienst 15°N hybrid run twice daily, verification only interpolated for about 20 m above sea AMT für North-east Atlantic, 50 km Continental shelf (1) Maps of wave and swell direction for south Reduced wind components of geopotential Wehrgeophysik southern Norwegian of North Sea, Norwegian Sea and North Sea – 24 h prognoses fields at 1 000 hPa from meteorological Sea, North Sea coupled hybrid (2) Wind direction and velocity, significant wave forecast model 7-LPE height, swell height, wave period, swell period – 24 h hindcast and forecast for nine geographic positions
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WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION G
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© 1998, World Meteorological Organ
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IV Chapter 7 - WAVES IN SHALLOW WAT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The revision of th
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VIII has been included particularly
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X considerable attention. Annex III
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2 η Crest Zero level a H = 2a a Tr
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4 Figure 1.5 — Paths of the water
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6 When waves propagate into shallow
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8 1.3.2 Wave groups and group veloc
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10 wavelengths in a given sea state
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12 for instance, a frequency of 0.1
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14 in which E(f) is the variance de
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16 2.1.1 Wind and pressure analyses
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18 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FOREC
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20 Figure 2.2(a) (right) — Usual
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22 As a quick approximation of ocea
Page 35 and 36: 24 GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FOREC
Page 37 and 38: 26 Gr G Gr ∇p C Cnf ∇p C Cnf
Page 39 and 40: 28 POINT C — The effect of warm a
Page 41 and 42: 30 a general sense, and can be appl
Page 43 and 44: 32 Free atmosphere Ekman layer Cons
Page 45 and 46: 3.1 Introduction This chapter gives
Page 47 and 48: ange of directions. Also, waves at
Page 49 and 50: small enough that swell can survive
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.7 — Structure of spectra
Page 53 and 54: 4.1 Introduction CHAPTER 4 WAVE FOR
Page 55 and 56: necessary to forecast waves for a p
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4.4 Additional wave informati
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 4.6 Ranges of swell periods a
Page 61 and 62: this situation, the angular spreadi
Page 63 and 64: the energy flux is c gH 2 . This is
Page 65 and 66: α0, degrees Solution: 80° 70° 60
Page 67 and 68: 5.1 Introduction National Meteorolo
Page 69 and 70: only once, since it is usual to sto
Page 71 and 72: Frequency 0.050 0.067 0.083 0.100 0
Page 73 and 74: The models may differ in several re
Page 75 and 76: The CH class may include many semi-
Page 77 and 78: 6.1 Introductory remarks Since the
Page 79 and 80: in some applications, the zero up/d
Page 81 and 82: OPERATIONAL WAVE MODELS 71 Figure 6
Page 83 and 84: give large differences in the compa
Page 85: Wind (m/s) Waves (m) Buoy/GSOWM Wav
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 6.2 (cont.) Country Name of m
Page 91 and 92: 7.1 Introduction The evolution of w
Page 93 and 94: water boundary into shallow water.
Page 95 and 96: eflected waves, although the latter
Page 97 and 98: Energy (cm 2 /Hz) Energy (cm 2 /Hz)
Page 99 and 100: 8.1 Introduction Wave data are ofte
Page 101 and 102: matter and timing the intervals bet
Page 103 and 104: a Directional Waverider (Barstow et
Page 105 and 106: 80°N 60°N 40°N 20°N 0° -20°S
Page 107 and 108: a combination of sea-surface temper
Page 109 and 110: 8.7.1 Digital analysis of wave reco
Page 111 and 112: 9.1 Introduction Chapter 8 describe
Page 113 and 114: Presentation of data and wave clima
Page 115 and 116: the monsoon season of June to Septe
Page 117 and 118: Probability of non-exceedance case
Page 119 and 120: individual wave height derived usin
Page 121 and 122: emote, data-sparse areas. However,
Page 123 and 124: TABLE 9.2 (cont.) Country Source of
Page 125 and 126: For a storm hindcast, select the mo
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 9.3 (cont.) Country Model use
Page 129 and 130: ANNEX I ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY TO SY
Page 131 and 132: Abbreviation/ Definition Symbol MOS
Page 133 and 134: CODE FORM: D . . . . D or IIiii* SE
Page 135 and 136: sensors, spectral peak wave period
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cs1cs1 The ratio of the spectral de
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M jM j n mn m n smn sm n bn bn b P
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1744 Im Indicator for method of cal
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The following distributions are bri
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4. Weibull distribution Probability
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8. Fisher-Tippett Type I (FT-I) (or
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ANNEX IV THE PNJ (PIERSON-NEUMANN-J
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ANNEX IV 141 Duration graph. Distor
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REFERENCES Abbott, M. B., H. H. Pet
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REFERENCES 145 Carter, D. J. T., P.
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REFERENCES 147 Gumbel, E. J., 1958:
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REFERENCES 149 Maat, N., C. Kraan a
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Slutz, R. J., S. J. Lubker, J. D. H
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY CERC, 1984: C
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156 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . .
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158 steepness . . . . . . . . . . .
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GUIDE WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING - WMO

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