[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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Comparative Analysis of Power Loses in Selected Measurement Devices Used in SMART GRID Systems Aleksander Nawrat, Anna Piaskowy, Artur Skórkowski, and Tadeusz Topór-Kamiński Abstract. This article provides information on smart grid and smart measurement systems with a special focus on the advantages of their implementation as well as concerns present at the stage of design and component selection. The tests conducted on a selected group of measurement devices used in smart grid systems made it possible to compare power losses characteristic for these devices. In the analysis presented below, both classic inductive meters and electronic meters with various communication modems were used. 1 Introduction The name “smart grid” is used in reference to modern power grids featuring a twoway digital communication system connecting the supplier and the consumer and equipped with smart measurement and monitoring systems. Smart measurement systems [1, 6, 7, 8] constitute an integral part of all smart grids. In particular, development of the idea of intelligent measuring and monitoring can be applied in the case of autonomous flying objects. These objects are usually equipped with a system of sensors and actuators supervised by a microprocessor system (fig. 1). In case of electric powered and assisted by solar energy UAVs [14] it is extremely important to monitor and efficiently manage power consumption. Aim of such unmanned vehicles is the longest time of operation. It is worth to mention that energy consumption in UAVs is determined by many factors inter Aleksander Nawrat ⋅ Anna Piaskowy ⋅ Artur Skórkowski ⋅ Tadeusz Topór-Kamiński Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, Akademicka 16, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland e-mail: {anna.piaskowy,artur.skorkowski, aleksander.nawrat}@polsl.pl A. Nawrat and Z. Kuś (Eds.): Vision Based Systems for UAV Applications, SCI 481, pp. 273–291. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00369-6_18 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013
274 A. Nawrat et al. alia weather conditions. Therefore, it is important that both the autonomous surveillance systems embedded in the UAV as well as ground-based systems have full information about the energy level of the object in order to correctly determine further actions of the vehicle. The information has to be processed using the algorithms developed on the basis of extensive mathematical research [32, 33, 34]. Fig. 1. Autonomous flying object measurement and control systems diagram Legal regulations concerning the issue of smart grid implementation can be found in the Attachment I.2 to the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity which obliges the Member States to assess implementation of smart measurement systems as an important step towards launching smart grids [2]. Additionally, the Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services highlights the necessity to utilize measurement systems which precisely gauge the factual energy consumed by the end user and provide information on usage times[1]. The advantages of smart grids include [3]: • capability to influence the consumers’ behaviour, e.g. to encourage them to use energy in a fashion that decreases energy consumption and levels power usage peaks, by introducing appropriate lists of prices; • ability to better manage the grid, which ensures improved supply safety and cheaper operations; • ability to smoothly integrate multiple small energy sources (in particular the renewable energy), which will contribute to reduction in fossil fuel usage and carbon dioxide emissions; • formation of a market where innovative companies can flourish; the number of jobs is expected to increase; all these factors will beneficially influence the economic growth.
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Studies in Computational Intelligen
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Aleksander Nawrat · Zygmunt Kuś E
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“In God We Trust, All others we o
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VIII Preface valuable information i
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Contents Part I: Design of Object D
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Contents XIII Technology Developmen
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XVI List of Contributors Adam Czorn
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XVIII List of Contributors Henryk M
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XX List of Contributors Józef Wron
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2 Design of Object Detection, Recog
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4 A. Babiarz et al. 1 Introduction
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6 A. Babiarz et al. The description
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Recognition and Location of Objects
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Omnidirectional Video Acquisition D
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Part III Design of Vision Based Con
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Probabilistic Approach to Planning
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206 Practical Applications of Class
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344 Conclusions Control algorithms
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[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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