[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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Comparative Analysis of Power Loses in Selected Measurement Devices 279 order to that, data transmission line models are built which determine quantities that are crucial for the transmission, on the basis of which it is possible to prepare a final interpretation of measurement data received from network detectors [13]. The most demanding of the European electrical energy, gas, water and heat suppliers set requirements for horizontal compatibility. Manufacturers prepared solutions which meet the above requirements. Companies: Iskraemeco, Landys & Gyr, Itron in April 2010 started the IDIS (Interoperable Device Interface Specification) association. Obtaining IDIS certificate by a manufacturer of a system or its elements lets energy companies invest safely, as they can change the supplier of any of the system parts in the future. The most important qualities of IDIS certificate are: open interfaces for meter and network management, low investment risk and futureproofness, being based on international DLMS standard, supporting EU standardization mandate and meter management directive, supporting application for multiple energy companies, scalability for mass meter replacement and adjustability for future applications. While the smart grid specification is well documented, there still is not unified definition for a “smart meter”. It is assumed that a smart meter is an electric energy meter which has additional functionalities. The functions that are most often mentioned are: remote reading, remote switch for energy supply (on/off), capability to register energy consumption in given periods, remote tariff change (the method of determining the costs of energy). As noted earlier, the name smart meter refers to an electric energy meter which has additional functionalities. From metrological point of view, such a meter does not differ in any way from a typical meter: the part responsible for measurement continues to be of interest for legal metrology - this part should meet all the requirements that a typical meter satisfies. The part of the meter responsible for additional functionalities is relevant to metrology in a respect that it must not exert any undesirable influence on the measuring part or the transmitted data [3]. Undesirable influence on a measurement part refers to e.g. loss power, e.g. power needed to keep the electronic part of the meter running which should not be included in the payments for the energy consumed, i.e. it should be borne by energy supplier alone. In the analysis shown below, “classic meter” will be represented by a commonly used induction meter, whereas meters intended for smart grid systems will be electronic meters equipped with various communication modems which take advantage of both wired and wireless interfaces for data transmission. 2 Power Loss Measurement for Various Electric Energy Meters The subject of this work is the comparative analysis of power losses in selected electrical energy measurement devices. The study was conducted on various types of electric energy meters, including: • 1-phase electronic meters with GSM/GPRS modems • 3-phase electronic meters with GSM/GPRS modems
280 A. Nawrat et al. • 1-phase electronic meters with PLC modems • 3-phase electronic meters with PLC modems • 1-phase electronic meters without modems • 3-phase electronic meters without modems • 1-phase inductive meters • 3-phase inductive meters The scope of the study covered multiple meters of a single type at all times so that repeatability of the results obtained could be ascertained. Typical meters that are commonly used were chosen for the research. Intentionally, however, type markings were changed. During measurements the meters were powered by rated voltage, and measurements of electrical currents were conducted independently in voltage circuits of each phase. Current circuits of particular phases were not loaded during the measurements, and therefore powers obtained during the measurements come from power loss only. All the results were obtained on the basis of representative measurement series for which both typical and maximum values were defined. To demonstrate the differences in measurement results fragments from measurement series for selected 1-phase meters with various communication modems are shown below. 2.1 Measuring Circuit Used for 1-Phase Meters Fig. 2 shows a circuit intended for indirect measurements of currents 1-phase meter voltage circuits, including inductive and electronic meters. In the circuit, a current/voltage converter was used in the form of a shunt R3, on which voltage components (active and passive) are measured by means of vector nanovoltmeter (LIA). Referential voltage Uref is taken from a resistor R2 within a resistance divider of the voltage supplied from the examined phase feeding the electrical energy meter. Current circuits were not loaded during loss power measurements, Zio = ∞. Meter power loss (real power P1h, reactive power Q1h and apparent power S1h) for feeding phases were calculated on the basis of measured current components in meter’s input voltage circuits. Fig. 2. Circuit intended for indirect measurements of currents in 1-phase meter voltage circuits
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Studies in Computational Intelligen
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Aleksander Nawrat · Zygmunt Kuś E
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“In God We Trust, All others we o
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VIII Preface valuable information i
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Contents Part I: Design of Object D
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Contents XIII Technology Developmen
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XVI List of Contributors Adam Czorn
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XVIII List of Contributors Henryk M
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XX List of Contributors Józef Wron
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2 Design of Object Detection, Recog
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4 A. Babiarz et al. 1 Introduction
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6 A. Babiarz et al. The description
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Recognition and Location of Objects
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Omnidirectional Video Acquisition D
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Vision System for Group of Mobile R
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Probabilistic Approach to Planning
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206 Practical Applications of Class
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Prototyping the Autonomous Flight A
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344 Conclusions Control algorithms
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[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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