[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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Comparative Analysis of Power Loses in Selected Measurement Devices 289 Table 7. Comparison of typical power loss values for 3-phase inductive meters 3-phase inductive meters Power loss (typical values) Meter type Number Phase P1h, W Q1h, Var S1h, VA L1 1.93 -2.90 3.48 PI3 1 L2 1.96 -2.89 3.49 L3 1.93 -2.98 3.55 L1 2.00 -2.86 3.49 PI3 2 L2 2.09 -2.96 3.63 L3 1.97 -3.01 3.60 L1 2.05 -2.81 3.48 PI3 3 L2 2.12 -2.97 3.65 L3 2.01 -3.07 3.67 Table 8. Comparison of maximum power loss values for 3-phase inductive meters. 3-phase inductive meters Power loss (maximum values) Meter type Number Phase P1h, W Q1h, Var S1h, VA L1 2.31 -3.28 4.01 PI3 1 L2 2.32 -3.26 4.00 L3 2.33 -3.40 4.12 L1 2.39 -3.25 4.04 PI3 2 L2 2.47 -3.35 4.16 L3 2.36 -3.36 4.11 L1 2.41 -3.21 4.01 PI3 3 L2 2.49 -3.37 4.19 L3 2.38 -3.44 4.18 Measurement results for inductive meters as “classic meters” constituted the point of reference for the analysis of power loss for various types of electronic meters used in smart grid systems. 5 Summary and Conclusions It seems that there is no turning back from smart power networks. Their operation will certainly be regulated by European standards to a greater extent than by “hard” law regulations which will be used in more sensitive areas, such as measurement accuracy and electrical energy users’ personal data safety [3]. In this work, various power loss measurement results were presented, both for “classic meters” and electronic ones that used in smart grid systems, in order to carry out a comparative analysis of power required for their correct operation. Maximum power loss values registered for 1-phase meters, both electronic and inductive, differs insignificantly from typical values, which means that for this type of meters power loss values for meters of the same kind exhibit small spread, and are constant in time, too (fig. 6).
290 A. Nawrat et al. Comparison different meters 6,000 5,000 4,000 S, VA 3,000 2,000 1,000 0,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 samples GSM/GPRS PLC Electronic Inductive Fig. 6. Comparison of maximum power loss values registered for various 1-phase meters The greatest differences in power loss values, observed in longer operation time, appear for 3-phase electronic meters with GSM/GPRS modems. For this type of meters, the ratio between maximum power loss values and corresponding typical values is often close to 2. Comparing power losses for meters with GSM/GPRS and PLC modems, one may notice that, be it 1-phase or 3-phase meters, devices with PLC modems are characterized by significantly greater power loss, even greater than analogous inductive meters. In addition, it has been ascertained that current flows in voltage circuits of electronic meters include a harmonic series which are generated and introduced into the supply network by the meter circuit. Examination of these flows and determination of functional dependencies require additional analyses which are not included in the scope of this study. Analysing the data, one can easily notice that power loss for electronic meters with different communication modems do not differ considerably from the powers required to feed inductive meters. This corroborates the fact that utilization costs of electronic and classic inductive meters are similar, which means that cost cannot constitute an argument against their implementation in smart grid concepts. References [1] European Commission: Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions: Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment, COM/2011/0202, Brussels (April 12, 2011) [2] Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC Text with EEA relevance. Official Journal L 211 (September 14, 2009)
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Studies in Computational Intelligen
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Aleksander Nawrat · Zygmunt Kuś E
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“In God We Trust, All others we o
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VIII Preface valuable information i
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Contents Part I: Design of Object D
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Contents XIII Technology Developmen
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XVI List of Contributors Adam Czorn
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XVIII List of Contributors Henryk M
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XX List of Contributors Józef Wron
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2 Design of Object Detection, Recog
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4 A. Babiarz et al. 1 Introduction
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6 A. Babiarz et al. The description
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Recognition and Location of Objects
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Omnidirectional Video Acquisition D
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Probabilistic Approach to Planning
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[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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