[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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Comparative Analysis of Power Loses in Selected Measurement Devices 281 Measurements consisted in recording changes in currents components. Afterwards, based on the series of measurement results typical and maximum values were determined, which made it possible to determine typical and maximum values for meters’ power losses. All the calculations were made for the basic harmonic of the measured signals. 2.2 Measuring Circuit Used for 3-Phase Meters As shown in fig. 3, the circuit intended for indirect measurements of currents in 3-phase meter voltage circuits works similarly to the circuit shown in fig. 2 with a single difference - the role of current/voltage converter is taken here by measuring transformer with resistance R 3. The figure shows also the basic layout of internal connections of the calibrator supplying the circuit as well as a scheme of connection between the circuit and the meter. The circuit shown in fig. 2 could not be used, as the phase current intensity must be measured in the phase conductor on the calibrator’s output. The conductor has phase voltage. Fig. 3. Circuit used for indirect measurement of currents in 3-phase meter voltage circuits
282 A. Nawrat et al. The phase conductor on the side of joint powering point could not be used as the calibrator does not provide access to the joint point from the phase conductors’ side. Neutral conductor could not be used as it conducts a sum of all phase currents. Therefore, current transformer with 1:1 ratio whose secondary winding is shorted by a resistor with small value was applied. This transformer galvanically isolates milivoltmeter measuring circuit from the phase conductor. At the same time the voltage drop on the resistor is proportional to phase current intensity, as in system from fig. 2. In case of tests on 3-phase meters, the measuring circuit is connected consecutively to each phase of input voltage circuits of a 3-phase supply meter. All results included in the tables below are averaged results from multiple measurements. The necessity to average the results was a consequence of higher harmonic background in the measured current flows. 3 Measurements of Electronic Meters Measurements of energy losses in 1-phase electronic meters were conducted in a circuit whose scheme is shown in fig. 2. In tables 1 and 2 typical and maximum energy loss values are shown for 1-phase electronic meters equipped with GSM/GPRS and PLC modems as well as the ones without modems. On the other hand, power loss measurements for 3-phase electronic meters were conducted in a circuit whose scheme is shown in fig. 3. In tables 3 and 4, compared are the typical and maximum values of power losses obtained for the 3- phase electronic meters with GSM/GPRS and PLC modems and without modems. In the tables below both values of power loss for meters with connected and disconnected (values in brackets) GSM/GPRS modems are shown. 3.1 Results from 1-Phase Electronic Meter Measurements The diagrams shown in fig. 4 shows fragments of measurement series registered to determine the typical and maximum power loss values for various electronic meters. The number of samples taken for each series ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand, depending on the meter type. Necessity to use such long series in the study stems from energy demand volatility during meters’ operation as well as the necessity to account for various work modes of communication modems which smart grid systems are equipped with.
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Studies in Computational Intelligen
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Aleksander Nawrat · Zygmunt Kuś E
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“In God We Trust, All others we o
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VIII Preface valuable information i
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Contents Part I: Design of Object D
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Contents XIII Technology Developmen
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XVI List of Contributors Adam Czorn
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XVIII List of Contributors Henryk M
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XX List of Contributors Józef Wron
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2 Design of Object Detection, Recog
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4 A. Babiarz et al. 1 Introduction
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6 A. Babiarz et al. The description
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10 A. Babiarz et al. o o o “micvo
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12 A. Babiarz et al. a) b) Fig. 7.
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14 A. Babiarz et al. • The camera
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18 A. Babiarz et al. a) b) Fig. 11.
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Recognition and Location of Objects
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48 P. Demski et al. Fig. 1. Automat
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50 P. Demski et al. E-Grip firing m
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52 P. Demski et al. 4 Automatic Tar
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54 P. Demski et al. implementing su
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Object Tracking for Rapid Camera Mo
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Object Tracking in a Picture during
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94 Construction of Image Acquisitio
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96 G. Bieszczad et al. effectivenes
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98 G. Bieszczad et al. such a way t
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100 G. Bieszczad et al. Table 1. No
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102 G. Bieszczad et al. Fig. 7. Pri
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112 G. Bieszczad et al. MTF functio
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114 G. Bieszczad et al. [11] Krupi
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116 D. Bereska et al. Presented in
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118 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 2. Image
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120 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 4. Ortho
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Omnidirectional Video Acquisition D
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Part III Design of Vision Based Con
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Vision System for Group of Mobile R
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A Distributed Control Group of Mobi
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178 D. Bereska et al. The aim of th
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180 D. Bereska et al. 3 Control Alg
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182 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 5. Schem
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184 D. Bereska et al. 4.1 Mechanica
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186 D. Bereska et al. 4.1.3 Open-Lo
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188 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 16. Comp
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Probabilistic Approach to Planning
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206 Practical Applications of Class
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208 M. Mellado and K. Skrzypczyk an
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Prototyping the Autonomous Flight A
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344 Conclusions Control algorithms
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[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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