[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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Comparative Analysis of Power Loses in Selected Measurement Devices 275 When weighing up the advantages of smart grids, one may not disregard potential hazards, such as high investment costs and possible threats to consumers’ privacy. There are also some concerns regarding the utilization of “smart meters”. An analysis of selected electrical energy meters’ power losses which significantly influence the utilization costs will be presented later in this work. Implementation of smart grid systems along with smart meters is mostly aimed at optimization of power grid operation. Also communication with energy end users will be more efficient, mostly being focused on increasing their awareness about the possibilities of energy conservation. Execution of the last goal is dependent on development of a so-called HAN (Home Area Networks) concept, which provides communication between home equipment and its electronic meters [6, 7, 8, 9]. Implementation of HAN-based smart grid systems will provide the consumers with: • ability to check the current power consumption data, • ability to track power consumption over 24h periods, • ability to choose optimal times of operation for energy-intensive equipment, depending on the tariff used, • access to information on changes in the tariff, • ability to change the tariff, • ability to join discount programmes. • In addition, users who will consciously manage their energy consumption make a contribution to environmental protection. On the other hand, by taking advantage of smart grid systems and two-way communication with end users electric energy suppliers will be able to: • streamline the process of reading data from energy meters, • improve management of vast amounts of data from energy meters, • set up load profiles which will make it possible to charge consumers more precisely, • improve network resource management, • optimize operations in production facilities on the basis of data about the factual energy demand, • react to big network load in order to avoid blackouts, • detect and check power failure reports, • respond faster to blackouts. In the simplest scenario, data will be transmitted within a home network from an electronic meter to a touchscreen-equipped minicomputer where all the information about energy consumed by the equipment will be presented. On this basis the user will be able to manually switch off the most energy-intensive devices. Additionally, in the future some more advanced solutions will be available. For instance, through a home network integrated panel the user will be able to control various devices by e.g. switching them on/off or changing their settings so that they consume less energy [7]. It is expected that most devices in the future will
276 A. Nawrat et al. have an embedded capability to communicate across home networks, especially these devices with high power consumption levels, such as lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment, tap and swimming pool water heaters, swimming pool pumps, electrical home appliances, such as washing machines, refrigerators and electric car charging sockets. While the aim of HAN network has already been precisely defined, it remains undecided what kind of communication interface or interfaces will be used in the future to provide the necessary functionality. Communication interface developers vie with each other to create the state-of-the-art interfaces that will meet HAN energy management requirements, trying to lure smart meter manufacturers to implement their technologies. Wireless communication has dominated the home computer network market mostly through popularization of Wi-Fi networks based on IEEE 802.11 specification. The advantages of this type of networking are e.g. high reliability as well as capability to reach high data transmission speeds. It has been decided, though, that Wi-Fi networking should not be considered for a potential HAN standard as the specification has grown too complex. This, in turn, benefited other cheaper and slower wireless standards, such as ZigBee which is presently considered to be the most serious candidate for domination of HAN networking market [11]. Recently, ZigBee Alliance, which brings together the companies that work on the development of ZigBee specification, has presented the latest version of its product - Smart Energy 2.0. The most important functions are: support for utility meters (electric energy, gas, water, heating), ability to present results in different units of measurement and show prices in different currencies, both of which make it easier to use the technology in different parts of the world. As for communication, support is provided for transmitting text messages in different languages along with read receipts. The profile makes it possible to work with battery or network powered meters, conduct different kinds of measurements (e.g. load profile, power factor), access real-time information about energy used/generated and record all this data. Smart Energy 2.0 supports multiple methods of interacting with HANenabled devices, e.g. by setting values to particular parameters and triggering alarms in case they are exceeded, recording attempts to modify meters and setting up network access protections, including the necessity to sign in with an installation key or standard public key cryptological methods. ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 is already being supported by some smart energy meters manufacturers. A competitor to ZigBee standard is Z-Wave specification. It was created to remotely control various electronic home devices and support simple commands, such as switch on/off and turn up/down commands. As these operations do not require high transmission speeds, Z-Wave networks work at the maximum speed of 9600 b/s. Contrary to its main competitor, Z-Wave network do not work on 2.4 GHz broadband and therefore its transmission cannot be interrupted by interferences with signals from e.g. Wi-Fi networks. Depending on the region, Z-Wave specification provides transmission on various frequencies. In Europe, for instance, this is 868 MHz band and in the USA - 908 MHz. Not unlike ZigBee network, Z-Wave has the ability to work in mesh topology.
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Studies in Computational Intelligen
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Aleksander Nawrat · Zygmunt Kuś E
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“In God We Trust, All others we o
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VIII Preface valuable information i
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Contents Part I: Design of Object D
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Contents XIII Technology Developmen
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XVI List of Contributors Adam Czorn
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XVIII List of Contributors Henryk M
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XX List of Contributors Józef Wron
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2 Design of Object Detection, Recog
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4 A. Babiarz et al. 1 Introduction
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6 A. Babiarz et al. The description
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8 A. Babiarz et al. a) b) Fig. 5. T
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10 A. Babiarz et al. o o o “micvo
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12 A. Babiarz et al. a) b) Fig. 7.
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14 A. Babiarz et al. • The camera
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18 A. Babiarz et al. a) b) Fig. 11.
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Recognition and Location of Objects
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Object Tracking for Rapid Camera Mo
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Object Tracking in a Picture during
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94 Construction of Image Acquisitio
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96 G. Bieszczad et al. effectivenes
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98 G. Bieszczad et al. such a way t
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100 G. Bieszczad et al. Table 1. No
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112 G. Bieszczad et al. MTF functio
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114 G. Bieszczad et al. [11] Krupi
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116 D. Bereska et al. Presented in
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118 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 2. Image
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120 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 4. Ortho
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Omnidirectional Video Acquisition D
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Part III Design of Vision Based Con
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Vision System for Group of Mobile R
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A Distributed Control Group of Mobi
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178 D. Bereska et al. The aim of th
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182 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 5. Schem
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184 D. Bereska et al. 4.1 Mechanica
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186 D. Bereska et al. 4.1.3 Open-Lo
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188 D. Bereska et al. Fig. 16. Comp
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Probabilistic Approach to Planning
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206 Practical Applications of Class
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Prototyping the Autonomous Flight A
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328 M. Koźlak, A. Kurzeja, and A.
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344 Conclusions Control algorithms
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[Studies in Computational Intelligence 481] Artur Babiarz, Robert Bieda, Karol Jędrasiak, Aleksander Nawrat (auth.), Aleksander Nawrat, Zygmunt Kuś (eds.) - Vision Based Systemsfor UAV Applications (2013, Sprin

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