Craniofacial Muscles

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7 Motor Control of Masticatory Muscles123Fig. 7.4 ( a, b ) Surface views of the cortical sites from which jaw and tongue muscle activitieswere evoked by ICMS (60 m A) at AP planes 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mm anterior to bregma and withinthe left cortex of a rat that 1 week earlier had its incisor extracted and a rat that 1 week earlier hadundergone sham extraction. Scale bar = 1 mm. ( c ) Number of sites from which ICMS (60 m A)within the left and right face MI and face SI could evoke EMG activity in the left and right anteriordigastric muscles. The left and right anterior digastric muscles had a signi fi cantly larger number ofICMS sites within the contralateral face MI (ANOVA, Bonferroni: P < 0.0001). Within the left faceMI, the number of right anterior digastric sites was signi fi cantly larger in rats of the extractiongroup than in rats of the sham-extraction and naive groups (*ANOVA: P < 0.0004, Bonferroni:P < 0.0015 and 0.0016, respectively) ( AP anterior-posterior; LAD left anterior digastric; RAD rightanterior digastric; MI primary motor cortex; R right face MI; L left face MI; ICMS intracorticalmicrostimulation) (adapted from Avivi-Arber et al. 2010 ). (Reprinted with permission from JohnWiley and Sons)pattern of some of these evoked movements, for example mastication, may varybetween sites. Furthermore, the ICMS studies have demonstrated that each orofacialmuscle or movement is represented multiple times within face MI, indicating
124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each output zone of face MI controls one of the many contextual functions inwhich a muscle participates. This multiple representation includes ipsilateral and/orcontralateral elemental movements, for example jaw-opening, tongue protrusion, orfacial twitch, as well as complex activities such as chewing and swallowing whichcan be evoked by ICMS not only from the deep and principal parts of the classicalCMA, lateral to face MI, but also from within face MI and even within the face SIin the monkey, rabbit, and cat. Furthermore, selective cold block or ablation of eachof these regions can disrupt chewing and swallowing to varying degrees, indicatingthat each may be involved differentially in the production and patterning of chewingand swallowing. This includes the coordination of the tongue, facial, and jaw movementsthat is necessary for the proper ingestion and transport of food or liquid(Hiraba et al. 1997, 2007 ; Murray et al. 2001 ; Lund et al. 2009 ; Sessle 2009 ) .It is also noteworthy that ICMS-evoked orofacial movements have been observedfor the SMA, an area which, like premotor cortex, has been implicated in the preparationfor movement. However, little information is available on the role of this regionin orofacial motor control except for recent studies indicating that premotor cortex aswell as other cortical areas (e.g., parietal cortex) may be involved in the preparationand planning for ingestion, visuomotor control, and perhaps even in cognitive functionsrelated to the understanding and communication of ingestive motor actions,facial recognition, and other complex behaviors involving the orofacial region.Ablation or cold block of the monkey’s face MI or SI also disrupts the animal’sability to perform a learned tongue task (Murray et al. 2001 ; Sessle et al. 2007 ; Avivi-Arber et al. 2011b ) and lesioning of the cat’s SI, MI or masticatory cortex disruptsmasticatory movements (Hiraba and Sato 2005a, b ) . Interestingly, face MI or SI ablationor block causes much less disruption of a biting task. This is consistent withICMS fi ndings and single neuron recordings showing a very limited representationof jaw closing in face MI. Single neuron recordings in monkeys or subprimates alsohave revealed that many face MI and SI neurons discharge in relation to chewing orswallowing (e.g., Fig. 7.3 ). However, most also discharge in association with moreelemental movements, with some being active in relation to jaw movements, especiallyjaw opening, and many others being active in relation to tongue movements.These fi ndings are consistent with the above ICMS fi ndings. Although single neuronrecordings in face MI also have revealed that some neurons are active during preparationfor movement, many more neurons in premotor areas appear to show thisfeature. This is consistent with other studies that have placed more emphasis oncortical and subcortical regions in addition to MI in mechanisms involved inmotor planning and preparation (Murray et al. 2001 ; Sessle et al. 2007 ; Avivi-Arberet al. 2011b ) .The neuronal recording and ablation fi ndings outlined above have underscoredthe importance of the somatosensory cortex as well as the motor cortex in the fi nemotor control of orofacial movements. The face SI can in fl uence orofacial movementsby its projections to face MI and other cortical areas and to subcortical regionssuch as the VBSNC, NTS, reticular formation, and the cranial nerve motor nuclei(Murray et al. 2001 ; Sessle et al. 2007 ; Avivi-Arber et al. 2011b ) . The face SI has asomatotopically arranged array of somatosensory inputs which are predominantly
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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Page 79 and 80: 74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
Page 81 and 82: 76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
Page 83 and 84: 78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
Page 85 and 86: 80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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Page 91 and 92: 86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94: 88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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Page 115 and 116: 112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
Page 117 and 118: 114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
Page 119 and 120: 116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
Page 121 and 122: 118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
Page 123 and 124: 120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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Page 129 and 130: 126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
Page 131 and 132: 128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
Page 133 and 134: 130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
Page 135 and 136: 132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
Page 137 and 138: 134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
Page 139 and 140: 136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
Page 141 and 142: 138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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