Craniofacial Muscles

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12 Tongue Structure and Function227Tsuiki S, Ono T et al (2000) Functional divergence of human genioglossus motor units with respiratory-relatedactivity. Eur Respir J 15(5):906–910Volz LM, Mann LB et al (2007) Biochemistry of anterior, medial, and posterior genioglossusmuscle in the rat. Dysphagia 22(3):210–214Yu F, Stal P et al (2002) Human single masseter muscle fi bers contain unique combinations ofmyosin and myosin binding protein C isoforms. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 23(4):317–326
Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and Motor ControlMary Snyder Shall13.1 IntroductionThe tongue is one of the most intriguing of the skeletal muscles, considering that itconsists of several muscles and as a group, takes many shapes. It plays a vital rolein respiration, suckling, acquiring and manipulating food, swallowing, and speech.Obviously, not all species use the tongue in the same way, so the tongue has adaptedto deform into different shapes and mechanisms of movement to meet the needs ofthe animal. Even when considering only mammalian tongues, two categories oftongue have been proposed (Doran 1975 ) . The type II tongues in animals such asmarsupials, monotremes, and pholidota protrude at least 100% of their restinglength to gather food such as ants or fl ies. Many of these tongues reach their prodigiouslengths by a hydrostatic mechanism typically created by contraction of thevertical and transverse lingual muscles, compressing the longitudinal muscles,resulting in more elongation of the tongue (McClung and Goldberg 2000 ; Smith andKier 1989 ) . While intriguing, the type II tongues are not discussed further.This chapter focuses on the higher order mammalian type I tongues that protrudeless than 50% and function more for intra-oral manipulation. In humans, the normaltongue moves quickly and precisely to speak and enunciate clearly. Many patientswith central nervous system disorders must speak slowly due to the lack of coordinationof the tongue. We discuss the impact of anatomical and contractile characteristicson the biomechanics and motor control of the tongue in higher mammals.M. S. Shall (*)Department of Physical Therapy , Virginia Commonwealth University ,Richmond , VA 23298 , USAe-mail: msshall@vcu.eduL.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade (eds.), Craniofacial Muscles: A New Frameworkfor Understanding the Effector Side of Craniofacial Muscle Control,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4466-4_13, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013229
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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280 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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