Craniofacial Muscles

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342 IndexMasticatory muscle (cont.)primary pathologyDMD , 133myasthenia gravis , 133–134Parkinson’s disease , 134regeneration and adaptationanimal models , 99fi broblasts , 102growth factor , 100macrophages , 101–102satellite cells ( see Satellite cells)stem cell niche , 101sparing incritical illness myopathy , 133DMD and ALS , 133SCA forms , 132trismus , 134Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , 97, 98Maximal stimulation test (MST) , 272Maxwell element , 53Medial pterygoid muscle , 92–93Meige syndrome , 289, 294Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) , 76–78Mitochondrial disorders, EOMchronic progressive externalophthalmoplegia , 79–80cytochrome-c-oxidase loss , 80–81MELAS , 80mtDNA mutations , 79–80Motor activation, hypoglossal nerve , 230–232Motor controlextraocular muscleconjugate horizontal eye movements( see Conjugate horizontal eyemovements)cyclovertical movements , 66–68vergence movements , 68–69laryngeal muscleautomatic motor control , 168–169central nervous system control ,170–171central neural control , 178innervation , 170–171neurological diseases , 178–179sensory-motor interactions control ,177–178masticatory muscle ( see Masticatorymuscle)pharyngeal muscleautomatic motor control , 168–169central neural control , 178genioglossus , 172innervation , 175–177inspiration dilator muscles , 173, 175neurological diseases , 178–179sensory-motor interactions control ,177–178swallowing constrictor muscles , 174,175tongue ( see Tongue)Motor unit potential (MUP) reinnervation , 133Muscle-speci fi c kinase (MuSK) , 78Muscular dystrophy , 187–190. See alsoDuchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)Myasthenia gravis (MG)extraocular muscle , 77–79laryngeal muscle , 193masticatory muscle , 133–134Myectomy , 307–308Myoblasts , 13, 19Myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) , 11Myokymia , 294–295, 314Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) , 37, 38, 147,196, 234extraocular musclehybrid fi bers , 41–42limb and body skeletal muscle , 39mismatched fi ber , 41, 42orbital and global layers , 39single fi ber segments , 42isoforms , 96, 236, 327masticatory muscleembryonic and neonatal , 95extraocular MyHC , 96gene expression , 96–97isoforms , 94jaw-closing mechanism , 96jaw-opening mechanism , 96masticatory , 95Myotonic dystrophy , 329NNeonatal myosin heavy chain , 95Nerve growth factor (NGF) , 197Neurodegenerative disorders , 295–296Neuromuscular disease , 5–6extraocular muscleDuchenne muscular dystrophy , 84–85Miller fi sher syndrome , 76–78myasthenia gravis , 77–79OPMD , 81laryngeal musclelimb and craniofacial muscleresponse , 187
Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187–190myasthenia gravis , 193muscular hydrostat , 242sensational disorders , 241tongue kinematics ( see Tongue kinematics)tongue musculature , 241, 259volumetric reduction and motor function( see Volumetric reduction, tongue)Neuromyotonia , 314Nico-tinic acetylcholine receptor , 38Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) , 233OOcular biomechanics , 53–56Oculomotor nucleus , 64–66Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy(OPMD) , 6, 81Orbital hemorrhage , 307Orbital (ORB) layer , 36–38Oromandibular dystonia , 134, 289PParalysis , 267Paralysis musculorum faciei rheumatica , 273Parkinson’s disease , 292Periorbital contour deformity , 304, 308Pharyngeal arch , 132Pharyngeal mesoderm (PM)domains , 13evolution , 22progenitors , 20Pharyngeal musclemotor control and biomechanicsautomatic motor control , 168–169central neural control , 178genioglossus , 172innervation , 175–177inspiration dilator muscles , 173, 175neurological diseases , 178–179sensory-motor interactions control ,177–178swallowing constrictor muscles ,174, 175muscle fi ber types , 142–143, 158pharyngeal movement , 142–143, 157structure and function , 142–143, 158UESCP innervation , 159–160CP muscle dysfunction , 160–161cricopharyngeus muscle , 159HRM , 160, 161manometry measurements , 158muscle fi ber properties , 159Pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) , 158Photooculodynia , 309Pontine lesions , 266Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) , 143RRapsyn , 78Respiration, tongue , 218, 234–235Rhythmic activity bursts, tongue , 247Ryanodine , 78343SSarcolemma , 98Satellite cellsanimal models , 99classic quail-chick chimeraexperiments , 99FGF and IGF-I , 100fi bre type distribution , 98head vs. trunk-derived muscles , 16lineage tracing techniques , 15masseter muscle , 99myonuclear turnover and regeneration ,44–45Pax3 expression , 16sarcolemma , 98self-renewal mechanism , 15Skin necrosis , 307Somatic sensation, tongue , 232–233Somites , 12Sonic hedgehog (Shh) , 18Spasmodic dysphonia , 291Spasmodic torticollis , 291Spastic facial muscle disordersblepharospasm ( see Blepharospasm)drug-induced facial dyskinesias , 296–297dyskinesias , 287, 288eyelid/facial tics , 315facial nerve synkinesia , 295hemifacial spasm ( see Hemifacial spasm)myokymia , 314neurologic disorders , 295–296neuromyotonia , 314psychological problems , 296superior cervical ganglion block , 309treatmentBoNT injection ( see Botulinumneurotoxin (BoNT) injection)chemomyectomy , 308–309
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 285 and 286: 288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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Page 331 and 332: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334: Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335: IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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