Craniofacial Muscles

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3 Extraocular Muscle Structure and Function49McLoon LK, Rowe J, Wirtschafter JD, McCormick KM (2004) Continuous myo fi ber remodelingin uninjured extraocular myo fi bers: myonuclear turnover and evidence for apoptosis. MuscleNerve 29:707–715McLoon LK, Park H, Kim JH, Pedrosa-Domellöf F, Thompson LV (2011) A continuum ofmyo fi bers in adult rabbit extraocular muscle: force, shortening velocity, and patterns of myosinheavy chain co-localization. J Appl Physiol 111:1178–1189Milller JM, Bockisch CJ, Pavlovski DS (2002) Missing lateral rectus force and absence of medialrectus co-contraction in ocular convergence. J Neurophysiol 87:2421–2433Moncman CL, Andrade FH (2010) Nonmuscle myosin IIB, a sarcomeric component in theextraocular muscles. Exp Cell Res 316:1958–1965Pachter BR (1983) Rat extraocular muscle. 1. Three dimensional cytoarchitecture, componentfi bre populations and innervation. J Anat 137:143–159Pachter BR (1984) Rat extraocular muscle. 3. Histochemical variability along the length of multiply-innervatedfi bers of the orbital surface layer. Histochemistry 80:535–538Pachter BR, Colbjornsen C (1983) Rat extraocular muscle. 2. Histochemical fi bre types. J Anat137:161–170Pachter BR, Davidowitz A, Breinin GM (1976) Light and electron microscopic serial analysis ofmouse extraocular muscle: morphology, innervation and topographical organization of componentfi ber populations. Tissue Cell 8:547–560Patel SP, Gamboa JL, McMullen CA, Rabchevsky A, Andrade FH (2009) Lower respiratory capacityin extraocular muscle mitochondria: evidence for intrinsic differences in mitochondrialcomposition and function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:180–186Pedrosa-Domellöf F (2012) Extraocular muscle response to neuromuscular diseases and speci fi cpathologies. In: McLoon LK, Andrade F (eds) Craniofacial muscles. Springer, New YorkPedrosa-Domellöf F, Eriksson PO, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell LE (1992) Expression of alphacardiacmyosin heavy chain in mammalian skeletal muscle. Experientia 48:491–494Porter JD, Hauser KF (1993) Survival of extraocular muscle in long-term organotypic culture:differential in fl uence of appropriate and inappropriate motoneurons. Dev Biol 160:39–50Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS, Merriam AP, Richmonds CR, Leahy P, Li J, AndradeFH (2001) Extraocular muscle is de fi ned by a fundamentally distinct gene expression pro fi le.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12062–12067Prsa M, Dicke PW, Their P (2010) The absence of eye muscle fatigue indicates that the nervous systemcompensates for non-motor disturbances of oculomotor function. J Neurosci 30:15834–15842Rossi AC, Mammucari C, Argentini C, Reggiani C, Schiaf fi no S (2010) Two novel/ancient myosinsin mammalian skeletal muscles: MYH14/7b and MYH15 are expressed in extraocularmuscles and muscle spindles. J Physiol 588:353–364Rubinstein NA, Hoh JF (2000) The distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms among ratextraocular muscle fi ber types. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3391–3398Shall MS, Dimitrova DM, Goldberg SJ (2003) Extraocular motor unit and whole-muscle contractileproperties in the squirrel monkey. Summation of forces and fi ber morphology. Exp BrainRes 151:338–345Shinners MJ, Goding GS, McLoon LK (2006) Effect of recurrent laryngeal nerve section on thelaryngeal muscles of adult rabbits. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134:413–418Spencer RF, McNeer KW (1987) Botulinum toxin paralysis of adult monkey extraocular muscle.Structural alterations in orbital, singly innervated muscle fi bers. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1703–1711Stirn Kranjc B, Sketelj J, D’Albis A, Ambroz M, Erzen I (2000) Fibre types and myosin heavy chainexpression in the ocular medial rectus of the adult rat. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 21:753–761Stirn Kranjc B, Sketelj J, D’Albis A, Erzen I (2001) Long term changes in myosin heavy chaincomposition after botulinum toxin A injection into rat medial rectus muscle. Invest OphthalmolVis Sci 42:3158–3164Stirn Kranjc B, Smerdu V, Erzen I (2009) Histochemical and immunohistochemical pro fi le ofhuman and rat ocular medial rectus muscles. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:1505–1515
50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, Rocancout D, Cossu G, Buckingham M (1997) Rede fi ning the genetic hierarchiescontrolling skeletal myogenesis: Pax-3 and myf-5 act upstream of MyoD. Cell 89:127–138Toniolo L, Maccatrozzo L, Patruno M, Pavan E, Caliario F, Rossi R, Rinaldi C, Canepari M,Reggiani C, Mascarello F (2007) Fiber types in canine muscles: myosin isoform expressionand functional characterization. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292:1915–1926Ugalde I, Christiansen SP, McLoon LK (2005) Botulinum toxin treatment of extraocular musclesin rabbits results in increased myo fi ber remodeling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:4114–4120Wasicky R, Ziya-Ghazvini F, Blumer R, Lukas JR, Mayr R (2000) Muscle fi ber types of humanextraocular muscles: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 41:980–990Wieczorek DF, Periasamy M, Butler-Browne GS, Whalen RG, Nadal-Ginard B (1985)Co-expression of multiple myosin heavy chain genes, in addition to a tissue-speci fi c one, inextraocular musculature. J Cell Biol 101:618–629Zacharias AL, Lewandoski M, Rudnicki MA, Gage PJ (2011) Pitx2 is an upstream activator ofextraocular myogenesis and survival. Dev Biol 349:395–405Zeiger U, Mitchell CH, Khurana TS (2010) Superior calcium homeostasis of extraocular muscles.Exp Eye Res 91:613–622Zhou Y, Cheng G, Dieter L, Hjalt TA, Andrade FH, Stahl JS, Kaminski HJ (2009) An altered phenotypein a conditional knockout of Pitx2 in extraocular muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci50:4531–4541Zhou Y, Liu D, Kaminski HJ (2010) Myosin heavy chain expression in mouse extraocular muscle:more complex than expected. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:6355–6363
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Craniofacial Muscles
Page 5 and 6: EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
Page 7 and 8: viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
Page 9 and 10: viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
Page 13 and 14: 1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 15 and 16: 1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
Page 19 and 20: 2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
Page 21 and 22: 2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
Page 23 and 24: 2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
Page 25 and 26: 2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
Page 27 and 28: 2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
Page 29 and 30: 2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
Page 31 and 32: 2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
Page 33 and 34: 2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
Page 35 and 36: Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
Page 37 and 38: 32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
Page 39 and 40: 34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
Page 41 and 42: 36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
Page 43 and 44: 38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
Page 45 and 46: 40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
Page 47 and 48: 42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
Page 49 and 50: 44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
Page 51 and 52: 46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
Page 53: 48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
Page 57 and 58: 52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
Page 59 and 60: 54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
Page 61 and 62: 56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
Page 63 and 64: 58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
Page 65 and 66: 60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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Page 69 and 70: 64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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Page 73 and 74: 68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
Page 75 and 76: 70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
Page 77 and 78: 72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
Page 79 and 80: 74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
Page 81 and 82: 76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
Page 83 and 84: 78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
Page 85 and 86: 80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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Page 91 and 92: 86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94: 88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
Page 337 and 338:
Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
Page 339:
Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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