Craniofacial Muscles

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338 IndexCCentral pattern generator(CPG) , 115, 233, 235Cerebral cortex, masticatory muscleintracortical microstimulation , 122–124movements types , 121–122neuronal recording and ablationfi nding , 124–125Cervical dystonia , 288Chronic lymphedema , 304, 308Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia(CPEO) , 79–81Ciona intestinalis , 22Conjugate horizontal eye movementsabducens nucleusanatomical connection , 59–61neuroanatomy , 58–59neurophysiology , 61–64horizontal recti , 58oculomotor nucleusneuroanatomy , 64–66neurophysiology , 66Corneal ulcers , 266Cortical masticatory area (CMA) , 115Cranial dystonia , 288Cranial nervesEOM innervation , 34, 51facial nerve ( see Facial nerve)hypoglossal nerve, motoractivation , 230–232motor nuclei , 116, 117sucking rhythm generators , 237tongue sensation , 232–233Cranial neural crest cellshead muscle development , 19–20masticatory muscles , 132Craniofacial musclesadaptability , 328aging , 330disease sparing , 328–329embryology , 326extraocular muscle ( see Extraocularmuscle (EOM))facial muscles ( see Spastic facial muscledisorders)fi ber types , 326–327future aspects , 330–331head ( see Head muscle development)head and neck evolution , 4larynx ( see Laryngeal muscle)masticatory muscle (see Masticatory muscle)mesodermal origin , 12muscle function , 5neuromuscular disease , 5–6pharynx ( see Pharyngeal muscle)physiological properties , 325tongue ( see Tongue)Cyclovertical eye movementsagonist–antagonist pair , 67superior rectus and obliquemuscles , 66–67trochlear motoneurons , 68trochlear nuclei , 67–68DDiplopia , 79BoNT injections , 304EOM, thyroid disease , 82Dizziness , 272Dorsal medullary reticular column(DMRC) , 233Doxorubicin , 308Dry eye , 304Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) , 6, 16, 329extraocular muscles , 84–85laryngeal muscle response toclinical characteristics , 187cricothyroid (CT) muscle , 188–190extracellular and intracellularcalcium , 187–188lateral cricoarytenoid muscle , 188medial and lateral thyroarytenoidmuscle , 188muscle weakness , 188Dyskinesias , 287–288Dysport ® , 301EEar pain , 271Electromyography (EMG)brainstem re fl exes , 119cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle , 160facial palsy , 272jaw movement , 248laryngeal muscleamyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 190cricothyroid muscle , 145myasthenia gravis , 193sternothyroid muscle , 155swallowing , 146–147, 157masticatory musclesaged masticatory muscles , 135–136DMD and ALS , 133jaw-opening and jaw-closingmuscles , 119
Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chain , 95Endomysial collagen , 102Entactin , 97Erythema , 302, 303Essential blepharospasm. See alsoBlepharospasmclinical features , 289–290de fi nition , 288–289diagnosis and differentialdiagnosis , 292–293pathophysiology , 292Evoked electromyography (EEMG),facial palsy , 272Exposure keratopathy , 304, 308Extraocular muscle (EOM) , 12amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 82–84anatomyagonist/antagonist pairs , 33bony orbit , 33cranial nerves , 34eye movements , 32levator palpebrae superiorismuscle , 31–32yoked muscles , 33embryological origins , 34–35mitochondrial disorderschronic progressive externalophthalmoplegia , 79–80cytochrome-c-oxidase loss , 80–81MELAS , 80mtDNA mutations , 79–80molecular expressionKrebs cycle , 43, 44myosin-binding protein , 41SERCA content , 42–43motor controlconjugate horizontal eye movements( see Conjugate horizontal eyemovements)cyclovertical movements , 66–68vergence movements , 68–69motor innervation , 36–38muscle fi bers , 36, 37myonuclear turnover andregeneration , 44–45myosin heavy chain isoformshybrid fi bers , 41–42limb and body skeletal muscle , 39mismatched fi ber , 41, 42orbital and global layers , 39single fi ber segments , 42neuromuscular diseasesMiller Fisher syndrome , 76–78myasthenia gravis , 77–79oculopharyngeal musculardystrophy , 81thyroid disease , 81–82Eye. See also Extraocular muscle (EOM)biomechanical characteristics“eye-pull” study , 52–53Maxwell element , 53ocular biomechanics , 53–56plant modeling , 52, 55–57Voigt elements , 52–53conjugate horizontal movements( see Conjugate horizontal eyemovements)cyclovertical movements , 66–68vergence movements , 68–69Eyelid creases , 307Eyelid tics , 315FFace primary motor cortex (face MI) , 121Face primary somatosensory area(face SI) , 121Facial nerveaberrant regeneration of , 295ablation , 309anatomyfacial nerve (CNVII) function , 268lacrimal secretions , 267marginal mandibular and cervicalbranches , 268pontine lesions , 266temporal branch , 267voluntary facial expression , 266zygomatic and buccalbranches , 267palsy ( see Facial palsy)Facial palsyacute surgical management , 276Bell’s palsyage , 273–374Copenhagen Facial NerveStudy , 273FPRI , 275herpes simplex virus , 273House–Brackmann system , 275HZV diagnosis , 274natural history , 273pediatrics , 274rheumatism , 273bilateral facial palsy , 282chronic surgical managementeyelids , 277–278forehead , 278
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 281 and 282: 284 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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Page 331: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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