Craniofacial Muscles

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16 Spastic Facial Muscle Disorders31516.11 Eyelid/Facial TicsEyelid tics are brief, stereotyped, repetitive, and involuntary eyelid blinks, winks, orblepharospasm (Evidente and Adler 1998 ) . Tics may be preceded by a premonitoryurge to perform the movement, which increases until the movement is fi nished. Thispremonitory urge may be an unpleasant feeling, such as burning, tension, or a contraction.A tic may be temporarily suppressed by willpower, but the next time itoccurs, it will often be more violent and explosive.Tics can be classi fi ed as motor or phonic. Motor tics usually reproduce a normalmovement such as blinking or raising the shoulders. Any muscle can be involved,but mostly tics occur in the muscles of the face, neck, and shoulders. Phonic tics areinvoluntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat (e.g.,grunting) or words, sometimes obscene (coprolalia)Tics are often idiopathic and considered benign. They also can be associated withencephalitis, drugs, toxins, stroke, and head trauma. In some instances, eyelid ticsare a fi rst manifestation of Tourette’s syndrome. This is a childhood disorder, affectingboys more than girls, in which multiple motor tics in eyelid, face, limbs, or bodyare combined with one or more phonic tics. Characteristic behavioral manifestationsinclude obsessive-compulsive disorder, grunting, throat clearing, barking, coprolalia,and echolalia (Jankovic 1992 ; Jankovic and Stone 1991 ; Jankovic 2001 ) . Facial ticsare treated with reassurance, and BoNT injections are hardly ever recommended.16.12 SummaryVarious movement disorders cause involuntary or rarely voluntary contractions ofthe facial muscles and subsequently lead to both esthetic and functional problems.Although symptomatic therapy including BoNT injection is available, betterapproaches are needed and will likely become available as the understanding of thegenetics and pathophysiology improves.ReferencesAdams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (2006) The evaluation of lightsensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm. Am J Ophthalmol 142(1):82–87Adler CH, Zimmerman RA, Savino PJ, Bernardi B, Bosley TM, Sergott RC (1992) Hemifacialspasm: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance tomographicangiography. Ann Neurol 32(4):502–506Ainsworth JR, Kraft SP (1995) Long-term changes in duration of relief with botulinum toxin treatmentof essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Ophthalmology 102(12):2036–2040Alappan N, Shyam Sundar A, Varghese ST (Spring 2008) Neuroleptic induced laryngo-pharyngealdystonia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 20(2):241–242Albanese A (2011) Terminology for preparations of botulinum neurotoxins: what a difference aname makes. JAMA 305(1):89–90
316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds JB, Anderson RL (1991) Botulinum-induced alteration of nerve-muscle interactionsin the human orbicularis oculi following treatment for blepharospasm. Neurology41(11):1800–1805Alster TS, Lupton JR (2003) Botulinum toxin type B for dynamic glabellar rhytides refractory tobotulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 29(5):516–518Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (1998) Blepharospasm: past, present, and future.Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 14(5):305–317Aramideh M (1996) Ongerboer de Visser BW, Holstege G, Majoie CB Speelman JD. Blepharospasmin association with a lower pontine lesion. Neurology 46(2):476–478Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Brans JW, Koelman JH, Speelman JD (1995) Pretarsalapplication of botulinum toxin for treatment of blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry59(3):309–311Armstrong MW, Mountain RE, Murray JA (1996) Treatment of facial synkinesis and facial asymmetrywith botulinum toxin type A following facial nerve palsy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci21(1):15–20Baker RS, Sun WS, Hasan SA et al (1997) Maladaptive neural compensatory mechanisms in Bell’spalsy-induced blepharospasm. Neurology 49(1):223–229Banik R, Miller NR (2004) Chronic myokymia limited to the eyelid is a benign condition.J Neuroophthalmol 24(4):290–292Baumann L, Black L (2003) Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc). Dermatol Surg 29(5):496–500;discussion 500Bodker FS, Olson JJ, Putterman AM (1993) Acquired blepharoptosis secondary to essentialblepharospasm. Ophthalmic Surg 24(8):546–550Borodic GE, Ferrante R (1992) Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on orbicularis oculimuscle. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 12(2):121–127Borodic G, Johnson E, Goodnough M, Schantz E (1996) Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologicresistance, and problems with available materials. Neurology 46(1):26–29Boroojerdi B, Ferbert A, Schwarz M, Herath H, Noth J (1998) Botulinum toxin treatment of synkinesiaand hyperlacrimation after facial palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65(1):111–114Bradley EA, Hodge DO, Bartley GB (2003) Benign essential blepharospasm among residents ofOlmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: an epidemiologic study. Ophthal Plast ReconstrSurg 19(3):177–181Brin MF, Blitzer A (1993) Botulinum toxin: dangerous terminology errors. J R Soc Med 86(8):493–494Brin MF, Blitzer A, Stewart C (1998) Laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia): observations of901 patients and treatment with botulinum toxin. Adv Neurol 78:237–252Castelbuono A, Miller NR (1998) Spontaneous remission in patients with essential blepharospasmand Meige syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 126(3):432–435Cather JC, Menter A (2002) Update on botulinum toxin for facial aesthetics. Dermatol Clin20(4):749–761Cavenar JO Jr, Brantley IJ, Braasch E (1978) Blepharospasm: organic or functional? Psychosomatics19(10):623–628Chen RS, Lu CS, Tsai CH (1996) Botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of hemifacialspasm. Acta Neurol Scand 94(3):207–211Choi WH, Song CW, Kim YB et al (2007) Skeletal muscle atrophy induced by intramuscularrepeated dose of botulinum toxin type A in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 30(3):217–227Christiansen SP, Becker BA, Iaizzo PA, McLoon LK (2003) Extraocular muscle force generationafter ricin-mAb35 injection: implications for strabismus treatment. J AAPOS 7(1):1–6Daniele Ranoux CG (2007) Practical handbook on botulinum toxin. Solal Editeurs, MarseilleDefazio G, Livrea P (2002) Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord 17(1):7–12Defazio G, Livrea P, Guanti G, Lepore V, Ferrari E (1993) Genetic contribution to idiopathic adultonsetblepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. Eur Neurol 33(5):345–350Defazio G, Livrea P, De Salvia R et al (2001) Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a communityof Puglia region, Southern Italy. Neurology 56(11):1579–1581
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Page 261 and 262: Part VIIFacial Muscles
Page 263 and 264: 266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
Page 285 and 286: 288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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Page 293 and 294: 296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
Page 295 and 296: 298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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Page 299 and 300: 302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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Page 303 and 304: 306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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Page 307 and 308: 310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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Page 331 and 332: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334: Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335 and 336: IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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