Craniofacial Muscles

Recommendations

Info

230 M.S. Shall13.2 BiomechanicsDr. Sokoloff described the anatomy of the muscles in the previous chapter; Figure 1in that chapter illustrates their orientation. The body of the tongue is composed ofthree pairs of “intrinsic” muscles and four pair of “extrinsic” muscles. By de fi nition,the vertical, transverse, and longitudinal intrinsic muscles originate on muscle fi bersand insert on other muscle fi bers or the connective tissue within the body of thetongue. The extrinsic genioglossus (GG), styloglossus (SG), hyoglossus (HG), andpalatoglossus (PG) muscles originate on bone (genial tubercle of the mandible, thestyloid process, the hyoid bone, and the lateral palate, respectively) and insert ontothe base of the body of the tongue. There has been debate on the intrinsic/extrinsicterminology since muscles from both groups interdigitate and work together onmany actions.The jaw and hyoid positions must be part of the pattern that strategically placesthe entire tongue for the appropriate muscle movements for speech or mastication.The masseter muscle is important to position the mandible and is examined thoroughlyin Chaps. 6 , 7 , and 8 . As the jaw opens to accept food, the mylohyoid andgeniohyoid contract to move the hyoid bone forward relative to the mandible toelevate and close the larynx. Like the GG, the geniohyoid originates on the genialtubercle of the mandible, but inserts on the hyoid bone rather than the tongue. Themylohyoid forms the fl oor of the oral cavity from the mandible to the hyoid bone.13.3 Motor Activation by the Hypoglossal NerveHypoglossal (cranial nerve XII) motoneurons are dedicated to providing innervationto all the tongue muscles except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated bythe vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Most of the innervation details of the tonguemuscles have been discovered by retrograde labeling techniques from injectionsinto various regions of the tongue (McClung and Goldberg 1999, 2000, 2002 ;Sokoloff 1993 ; Sokoloff and Deacon 1992 ) . The hypoglossal nucleus, located closeto the midline of the medulla is subdivided into two major compartments, whichhave been most thoroughly studied in rats (Uemura-Sumi et al. 1988 ; Sokoloff1993 ; Aldes 1995 ; McClung and Goldberg 1999, 2000 ) (Fig. 13.1 ).The motoneuron projections from the ventral portion of the nucleus travelthrough the medial branch of the hypoglossal nerve to supply the GG muscle, aprotrusor muscle. Aldes ( 1995 ) found that some hypoglossal motoneurons in theventral aspect of the hypoglossal nucleus innervate the vertical and transverse intrinsicmuscles, implying shared functions of intrinsic muscle fi bers with the GG muscle.The motoneurons innervating the geniohyoid muscle mostly originate in thelateral accessory subcompartment of the hypoglossal nucleus and travel in themedial branch of the hypoglossal nerve. A small number of the motoneurons supplyingthe geniohyoid arise from the medial subnucleus of the caudal hypoglossalnucleus and pass through the upper root of the ansa cervicalis before jumping on
Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled entire hypoglossal nucleus motoneurons on the left and only thedorsal subdivision of the nerve intact on the right . Cells are seen 600 m m rostral to the internalobex in ( a ), at the internal obex in ( b ), and 600 m m to the internal obex in ( c ). The dorsal subgroupis surrounded by the thick line and includes motoneurons supplying the styloglossus (SG), hyoglossus(HG), and the inferior (Inf) and superior (Sup) longitudinal (long) intrinsic tongue musclefi bers. The ventral subgroup is surrounded by a thin line and includes motoneurons supplying thegenioglossus (GG), and the vertical (vert) and transverse (trans) intrinsic tongue muscle fi bers. Thegeniohyoid (GH) motoneurons are located in the lateral accessory subgroup. CC central canal.Scale bar = 100 m m for ( a ), ( b ), and ( c )
Page 2:
Craniofacial Muscles
Page 5 and 6:
EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
Page 7 and 8:
viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
Page 9 and 10:
viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
Page 11 and 12:
Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
Page 13 and 14:
1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 15 and 16:
1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
Page 19 and 20:
2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
Page 21 and 22:
2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
Page 23 and 24:
2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
Page 25 and 26:
2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
Page 27 and 28:
2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
Page 29 and 30:
2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
Page 31 and 32:
2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
Page 33 and 34:
2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
Page 35 and 36:
Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
Page 37 and 38:
32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
Page 39 and 40:
34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
Page 41 and 42:
36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
Page 43 and 44:
38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
Page 45 and 46:
40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
Page 47 and 48:
42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
Page 49 and 50:
44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
Page 51 and 52:
46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
Page 53 and 54:
48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
Page 55 and 56:
50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
Page 57 and 58:
52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
Page 59 and 60:
54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
Page 61 and 62:
56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
Page 63 and 64:
58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
Page 65 and 66:
60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
Page 67 and 68:
62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
Page 69 and 70:
64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
Page 71 and 72:
66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
Page 73 and 74:
68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
Page 75 and 76:
70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
Page 77 and 78:
72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
Page 79 and 80:
74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
Page 81 and 82:
76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
Page 83 and 84:
78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
Page 85 and 86:
80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
Page 87 and 88:
82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
Page 89 and 90:
84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
Page 91 and 92:
86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94:
88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
Page 97 and 98:
6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
Page 117 and 118:
114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
Page 119 and 120:
116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
Page 121 and 122:
118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
Page 123 and 124:
120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
Page 125 and 126:
122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
Page 127 and 128:
124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
Page 129 and 130:
126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
Page 131 and 132:
128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
Page 133 and 134:
130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
Page 135 and 136:
132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
Page 137 and 138:
134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
Page 139 and 140:
136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
Page 141 and 142:
138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
Page 143 and 144:
Chapter 9Structure and Function of
Page 145 and 146:
9 Structure and Function of the Lar
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
Page 171 and 172:
10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178: 10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
Page 187 and 188: 186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
Page 189 and 190: 188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
Page 191 and 192: 190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
Page 193 and 194: 192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
Page 195 and 196: 194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
Page 197 and 198: 196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
Page 199 and 200: 198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
Page 201 and 202: 200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
Page 203 and 204: 202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
Page 205 and 206: Part VITongue Musculature
Page 207 and 208: 208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
Page 209 and 210: 210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
Page 211 and 212: 212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
Page 213 and 214: 214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
Page 215 and 216: 216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
Page 217 and 218: 218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
Page 219 and 220: 220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
Page 221 and 222: 222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
Page 223 and 224: 224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
Page 225 and 226: 226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
Page 227: Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
Page 231 and 232: 13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
Page 241 and 242: 14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
Page 261 and 262: Part VIIFacial Muscles
Page 263 and 264: 266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
Page 279 and 280:
282 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
Page 287 and 288:
290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
Page 289 and 290:
292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
Page 291 and 292:
294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
Page 293 and 294:
296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
Page 295 and 296:
298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
Page 297 and 298:
300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
Page 299 and 300:
302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
Page 301 and 302:
304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
Page 303 and 304:
306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
Page 305 and 306:
308 J. Park et al.septum should be
Page 307 and 308:
310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
Page 309 and 310:
312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
Page 311 and 312:
314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
Page 313 and 314:
316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
Page 315 and 316:
318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
Page 317 and 318:
320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
Page 319 and 320:
Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
Page 321 and 322:
326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
Page 329 and 330:
334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
Page 331 and 332:
IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334:
Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335 and 336:
IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
Page 337 and 338:
Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
Page 339:
Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
show all

Craniofacial Muscles

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?