Craniofacial Muscles

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3 Extraocular Muscle Structure and Function41where they can represent a pool of up to 60% of total myo fi bers (Caiozzo et al. 2000 ) .Diaphragm muscle shows a very high degree of polymorphism, up to 78%, includingmyo fi bers expressing both MyHC slow1 and MyHCIIX (Caiozzo et al. 2003 ) . Thepotential for hybrid fi bers increases in EOM simply by the numbers of MyHC isoformsthat are expressed. Many studies in multiple species have demonstrated multipleisoforms within single fi bers (Pachter 1984 ; Jacoby et al. 1989a, b ; Briggs andSchachat 2002 ; Kjellgren et al. 2003a, b ; Zhou et al. 2010 ; McLoon et al. 2011 ) . Inan elegant study, individually dissected multiply innervated orbital layer myo fi berswere shown to express fast MyHC in the middle of the myo fi ber in the location ofthe en plaque endplates but expressed slow-tonic MyHC in the fi ber ends where theen grappe endplates were located (Jacoby et al. 1989a ) . Electrophysiological measurementscon fi rmed that the central region of these fi bers displayed a spikingresponse and twitch-like characteristics, while the tendon ends did not show a spikingresponse and instead displayed tonic characteristics (Jacoby et al. 1989b ) .Examination of co-expression patterns in rabbit EOM demonstrated that the majorityof myo fi bers expressed more than one myosin, with up to six MyHC isoforms insingle fi ber segments (McLoon et al. 2011 ) . Shortening velocity and force measurementswere performed on single-skinned fi bers, and again a continuum of velocityand forces were seen. What is particularly interesting is that while myo fi bers containingMyHCIIB tended to have faster shortening velocities and fi bers with MyHC1tended to be slower, there was no clear correlation between co-expression patterns ofMyHC isoforms and shortening velocity (McLoon et al. 2011 ) , and a continuousrange for both force and shortening velocities was seen. In addition, there were anumber of the myo fi bers that expressed both slow and fast MyHC isoforms, referredto as “mismatched” fi bers in the limb skeletal muscle literature (Fig. 3.9 ). The role thiscomplex con fi guration of MyHC isoforms plays in controlling eye position and eyemovements is unknown. However, a previous study of fi ber polymorphism in plantarismuscle after overload or as a result of hypothyroidism showed that global alterationsin numbers of hybrid fi bers resulted in a 15% decrease in maximal shorteningvelocity (Caiozzo et al. 2000 ) . Thus it is hypothesized that this complexity of MyHCco-expression patterns must represent an important means for producing a wider spectrumof contractile properties than would be possible with myo fi bers that contain asingle MyHC isoform.3.7 Other Differentially Expressed Molecules in EOMAdditional molecules that control the contractile properties in EOM are also differentthan those seen in limb skeletal muscles. For example, while no unique troponinT molecule appears to be expressed in EOM, the EOM up-regulate troponin isoformsthat are only minor components in limb skeletal muscle (Briggs et al. 1988 ) .EOM myo fi bers contain myosin-binding protein C-slow (MyBP-Cslow) in allmyo fi bers and lack MyBP-Cfast (Kjellgren et al. 2006 ) . In combination, these datasuggest that individual myo fi bers within EOM contain unique mixtures of moleculesthat modulate contractility.
42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An example of a “mismatched fi ber” ( red arrow ) in serially sectioned rabbit inferior rectusmuscle which is positive for ( a ) fast MyHC (IIA), ( b ) slow MyHC (I), and ( c ) slow tonic MyHCIn limb skeletal muscle fi bers, fast myo fi bers (MyHCII) contain the fast isoformof the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA1) and slow myo fi bers(MyHC1) contain SERCA2. In contrast, 99% of the “fast” EOM myo fi bers containSERCA1, and 86% of these also contain SERCA2 (Kjellgren et al. 2003a, b ) . Onthe other hand, 100% of the “slow” EOM myo fi bers contain SERCA2, but 54% also
Page 2: Craniofacial Muscles
Page 5 and 6: EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
Page 7 and 8: viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
Page 9 and 10: viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
Page 13 and 14: 1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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Page 29 and 30: 2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
Page 31 and 32: 2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
Page 33 and 34: 2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
Page 35 and 36: Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
Page 37 and 38: 32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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Page 51 and 52: 46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
Page 53 and 54: 48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
Page 55 and 56: 50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
Page 57 and 58: 52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
Page 59 and 60: 54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
Page 61 and 62: 56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
Page 63 and 64: 58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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Page 73 and 74: 68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
Page 75 and 76: 70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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Page 79 and 80: 74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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Page 91 and 92: 86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94: 88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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