Craniofacial Muscles

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5 Extraocular Muscle Response to Neuromuscular Diseases…87Fischer D, Budak M, Bakay M, Gorospe JR, Kjellgren D, Pedrosa-Domellof F, Hoffman E,Khurana TS (2005) De fi nition of the unique human extraocular muscle allotype by expressionpro fi ling. Physiol Genomics 22:283–291Garcia-Cazarin ML, Fisher TM, Andrade FH (2010) Glucose uptake in rat extraocular muscles:effect of insulin and contractile activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:6364–6368Greaves LC, Yu-Wai-Man P, Beakely EL, Krishnan KJ et al (2010) Mitochondrial DNA defects andselective extraocular muscle involvement in CPEO. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:3340–3346Hayashi H, Kato S, Kawada T, Tsubaki T (1987) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: oculomotor functionin patients in respirators. Neurology 37:1431–1432Hayashi YK, Chou FL, Engvall E, Ogawa M et al (1998) Mutations in the integrin alpha7 genecause congenital myopathy. Nat Genet 19:94–97Helbling-Leclerc A, Zhang X, Topaloglu H et al (1995) Mutations in the laminin alpha 2-chaingene (LAMA2) cause merosin-de fi cient congenital muscular dystrophy. Nat Genet 1:216–218Helgeland G, Petzold A, Luckman SP, Gilhus NE et al (2011) Matrix metalloproteinases in myastheniagravis. Eur Neurol 65:53–58Hoffman EP, Brown RH Jr, Kunkel LM (1987) Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchennemuscular dystrophy locus. Cell 51:919–928Kallestad KM, Hebert SL, McDonald AA, Daniel ML et al (2011) Sparing of extraocular musclein aging and muscular dystrophies: a myogenic precursor cell hypothesis. Exp Cell Res317:873–885Kaminski HJ, Richmonds CR, Kusner LL, Mitsumoto H (2002) Differential susceptibility of theocular motor system to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 956:42–54Khoo TK, Bahn RS (2007) Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the role of autoantibodies.Thyroid 17:1013–1018Kjellgren D, Thornell LE, Virtanen I, Pedrosa-Domellöf F (2004) Laminin isoforms in humanextraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:4233–4239Koenig M, Monaco AP, Kunkel LM (1988) The complete sequence of dystrophin predicts a rodshapedcytoskeletal protein. Cell 53:219–226Kolberg G, Jansson M, Perez-Bercoff A, Melberg A et al (2005) Low frequency of mtDNA pointmutations in patients with PEO associated with POLG1 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet13:463–469Kusner LL, Puwanant A, Kaminski HJ (2006) Ocular myasthenia: diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis.Neurologist 12:231–239Lennerstrand G, Tian S, Isberg B, Landau Hogbeck I, Blozani R, Tallstedt L, Schworm H (2007)Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound measurements of extraocular muscles in thyroidassociatedophthalmopathy at different stages of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol Scan 85:192–201Leveille A, Kiernan J, Gooodwin JA, Antel J (1982) Eye movements in amyotrophic lateralsclerosis. Arch Neurol 39:684–686Lim LE, Duclos F, Broux O et al (1995) Beta-sarcoglycan: characterization and role in limb-girdlemuscular dystrophy linked to 4q12. Nat Genet 11:257–265Liu J-X, Willison HJ, Pedrosa-Domellöf F (2009) Immunolocalisation of GQ1b and relatedgangliosides in human extraocular neuromuscular junctions and muscle spindles. InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci 50:3226–3232Liu J-X, Brännström T, Andersen PM, Pedrosa-Domellöf F (2011) Different impact of ALS onlaminin isoforms in human extraocular muscles versus limb muscles. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 52:4842–4852McLoon LK (2011) The extraocular muscles (chapter 7). In: Kaufman P, Alm A, Levin LA, NilssonS, Ver Hoeve J, Wu SM (eds) Adler’s physiology of the eye, 11th edn. Mosby Press, St. Louis,pp 182–207McLoon LK, Rowe J, Wirtschafter J, McCormick KM (2004) Continuous myo fi ber remodeling inuninjured extraocular myo fi bers: myonuclear turnover and evidence for apoptosis. MuscleNerve 29:707–715McLoon LK, Thorstenson KM, Solomon A, Lewis MP (2007) Myogenic precursor cells incraniofacial muscles. Oral Dis 13:134–140
88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Yuki N, Hattori T (2001) Clinical features and prognosis ofMiller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 56:1104–1106Muller-Hocker J, Schneiderbanger K, Stefani FH, Kadenbach B (1992) Progressive loss ofcytochrome-c-oxidase in the human extraocular muscles in aging: a cytochemical-immunohistochemicalstudy. Mutat Res 275:115–124Muntoni F, Voit T (2004) The congenital muscle dystrophies in 2004: a century of exciting progress.Neuromuscul Disord 14:635–649Nystrom A, Holsblad J, Pedrosa-Domellof F, Sasaki T, Durbeej M (2006) Extraocular muscle isspared upon complete laminin alpha2 chain de fi ciency: comparative expression of laminin andintegrin isoforms. Matrix Biol 25:382–385Oldfors A, Tulinius M (2003) Mitochondrial encephalopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol62:217–227Palmowski A, Jost WH, Prudlo J et al (1995) Eye movement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a longitudinal study. Ger J Ophthalmol 4:355–362Patel SP, Gamboa JL, McMullen CA, Rabchevsky A, Andrade FH (2009) Lower respiratory capacityin extraocular muscle mitochondria: evidence for intrinsic differences in mitochondrialcomposition and function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:180–186Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS et al (2001) Extraocular muscle is de fi ned by a fundamentallydistinct gene expression pro fi le. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12062–12067Romi F, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA (2005) Myasthenia gravis: clinical, immunological, and therapeuticadvances. Acta Neurol Scand 111:134–141Sadeh M (2004) Extraocular muscles. In: Engel AG, Franzini-Armstrong C (eds) Myology.McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 119–127Schoser BG, Pongratz D (2006) Extraocular mitochondrial myopathies and their differential diagnoses.Strabismus 14:107–113Spencer RF, Porter JD (2006) Biological organization of the extraocular muscles. Prog Brain Res151:43–80Thornton J, Kelly SP, Harrison RA, Edwards R (2007) Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease:a systematic review. Eye 21:1135–1145Tomé FM, Chateau D, Helbling-Leclerc A, Fardeau M (1997) Morphological changes in musclefi bers in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 7(suppl 1):S63–S69Träisk F (2009) Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: treatment for hyperthyroidism and evaluationof methods for measuring saccadic eye movements. Doctoral thesis, Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm, SwedenTräisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Andersson T, Berg G et al (2009) Thyroid-associatedophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism with anti-thyroid drugs orIodine-131. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 10:3700–3707Willison HJ (2005) The immunobiology of Guillain-Barré syndromes. J Peripher Nerv Syst10:94–112Willison HJ, O’Hanlon GM (1999) The immunopathogenesis of Miller Fisher syndrome.J Neuroimmunol 100:3–12Wirtschafter JD, Ferrington DA, McLoon LK (2004) Continuous remodeling of adult extraocularmuscles as an explanation for selective craniofacial vulnerability in oculopharyngeal muscledystrophy. J Neuroophthalmol 24:62–67Wong M, Martin LJ (2010) Skeletal muscle-restricted expression of human SOD1 causes motorneuron degeneration in transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 19:2284–2302Yu-Wai-Man P, Lai-Chong J, Borthwick GM, He L, Taylor GA et al (2010) Somatic mitochondrialdeletions accumulate to high levels in aging human extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 51:3347–3353Zeviani M, Di Donato S (2004) Mitochondrial disorders. Brain 127:2153–2172
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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Page 57 and 58: 52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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Page 83 and 84: 78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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Page 115 and 116: 112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
Page 117 and 118: 114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
Page 119 and 120: 116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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Page 125 and 126: 122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
Page 127 and 128: 124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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Page 131 and 132: 128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
Page 133 and 134: 130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
Page 135 and 136: 132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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