Craniofacial Muscles

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166 L.A. Vinney and N.P. ConnorSoussi-Yanicostas N, Barbet JP, Laurent-Winter C, Barton P, Butler-Browne GS (1990) Transitionof myosin isozymes during development of human masseter muscle: persistence of developmentalisoforms during postnatal stage. Development 108(2):239–249Sundman E, Ansved T, Margolin G, Kuylenstierna R, Eriksson LI (2004) Fiber-type compositionand fi ber size of the human cricopharyngeal muscle and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:423–429Suzuki T, Connor NP, Lee K, Bless DM, Ford CN, Inagi K (2002) Age-related alterations in myosinheavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol111(11):962–967Titze IR (1994) Principles of voice production. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJUeda N, Ohyama M, Harvey J, Ogura J (1972) In fl uence of certain extrinsic laryngeal muscles onarti fi cial voice production. Laryngoscope 82:468–482Vaiman M, Eviatar E, Segal S (2004) Evaluation of normal deglutition with the help of recti fi edsurface electromyography records. Dysphagia 19(2):125–132Van Daele DJ, McCulloch TM, Palmer PM, Langmore SE (2005) Timing of glottic closure duringswallowing: a combined electromyographic and endoscopic analysis. Ann Otol RhinolLaryngol 114(6):478–487van Lunteren E, Strohl KP (1986) The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med 7(2):171–188Vilkman E, Sonninen A, Hurme P, Korkko P (1996) External laryngeal frame function in voiceproduction revisited: a review. J Voice 10(1):78–92Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2004) Vander, Sherman, and Luciano’s human physiology: themechanisms of body function, 9th edn. McGraw-Hill, BostonWieczorek DF, Periasamy M, Butler-Browne GS, Whalen RG, Nadal-Ginard B (1985)Co-expression of multiple myosin heavy chain genes, in addition to a tissue-speci fi c one, inextraocular musculature. J Cell Biol 101(2):618–629Woodson G (1999) Laryngeal and pharyngeal function part one: breathing and speech. In:Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Krause CJ, Richardson MA, Schuller DE (eds)Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, 3rd edn. Mosby, St. LouisWu YZ, Baker MJ, Crumley RL, Blanks RH, Caiozzo VJ (1998) A new concept in laryngealmuscle: multiple myosin isoform types in single muscle fi bers of the lateral cricoarytenoid.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118(1):86–94Wu YZ, Crumley RL, Armstrong WB, Caiozzo VJ (2000) New perspectives about human laryngealmuscle: single- fi ber analyses and interspecies comparisons. Arch Otolaryngol Head NeckSurg 126(7):857–864Yoshihara T, Ishii T, Iwata M, Nomoto M (1998) Ultrastructural and histochemical study of themotor end plates of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. UltrastructPathol 22:121–126
Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomechanics of Laryngealand Pharyngeal MusclesChristy L. Ludlow10.1 Introduction to the Integrative Systems Controllingthe Laryngeal and Pharyngeal MusculatureThe purpose of this chapter is to review motor control and biomechanics of thelaryngeal and pharyngeal muscles with an emphasis on their control for voice,speech, respiration, and swallowing in humans. The amount of knowledge in thisarea is relatively sparse compared with limb control. The laryngeal and pharyngealmuscles are controlled by several integrative systems in the central nervous systemswhich differ in their origin, development and motor control, and biomechanicaldemands. Vocalization for the expression of emotion and pain in mammals, such asthe birth cry in humans and the isolation cry in young mammals, depends upon acomplex integration of vocal fold closure, expiratory air fl ow from the lungs to setthe vocal folds into vibration with the build-up of subglottal pressure, and oralopening to emit the resulting cry. The neural substrates important for this innatevocalization system have been studied in mammals such as the cat and the squirrelmonkey and involve the periaqueductal gray, the pons, and the reticular integrativesystem in the medulla (Jurgens 2009 ) . Voice for speech requires integration ofvocal fold adduction (closing) with expiratory air fl ow and oral shaping, in additionto precise control of intrinsic laryngeal muscles to alter vocal fold tension controllingfrequency of vibration (the fundamental frequency). In addition, rapid andsmall changes in laryngeal muscles are needed for vocal fold opening and closingC. L. Ludlow , Ph.D. (*)Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Rm. HHS 1141, MSC 4304 ,James Madison University , 801 Carrier Drive , Harrisonburg , VA 22807 , USAe-mail: ludlowcx@jmu.eduL.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade (eds.), Craniofacial Muscles: A New Frameworkfor Understanding the Effector Side of Craniofacial Muscle Control,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4466-4_10, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013167
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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