Craniofacial Muscles

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16 Spastic Facial Muscle Disorders317Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P et al (2002) Botulinum toxin A treatment for primary hemifacialspasm: a 10-year multicenter study. Arch Neurol 59(3):418–420Defazio G, Brancati F, Valente EM et al (2003) Familial blepharospasm is inherited as an autosomaldominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene. Mov Disord 18(2):207–212Defazio G, Martino D, Aniello MS et al (2006) A family study on primary blepharospasm. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry 77(2):252–254Diamond EL, Trobe JD, Belar CD (1984) Psychological aspects of essential blepharospasm.J Nerv Ment Dis 172(12):749–756Dressler D (2000) Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm. J Neurol247(10):809–810Dressler D (2002) Clinical features of antibody-induced complete secondary failure of botulinumtoxin therapy. Eur Neurol 48(1):26–29Dressler D (2009) Routine use of Xeomin in patients previously treated with Botox: long termresults. Eur J Neurol 16(Suppl 2):2–5Dressler D (2010) Botulinum toxin for treatment of dystonia. Eur J Neurol 17(Suppl 1):88–96Dressler D, Benecke R (2007) Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations. DisabilRehabil 29(23):1761–1768Dressler D, Mander GJ (2008) Flink, K Equivalent potency of Xeomin® and Botox®. Mov Disord23(suppl 1):S20–S21Dutton JJ, Buckley EG (1988) Long-term results and complications of botulinum A toxin in thetreatment of blepharospasm. Ophthalmology 95(11):1529–1534Dutton JJ, Fowler AM (2007) Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 52(1):13–31Dystonia fact sheet. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dystonias/detail_dystonias.htmElston JS (1986) Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry49(7):827–829Elston JS (1987) Long-term results of treatment of idiopathic blepharospasm with botulinum toxininjections. Br J Ophthalmol 71(9):664–668Elston JS (1992) The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 239(1):5–8Engstrom PF, Arnoult JB, Mazow ML et al (1987) Effectiveness of botulinum toxin therapy foressential blepharospasm. Ophthalmology 94(8):971–975Evidente VG, Adler CH (1998) Hemifacial spasm and other craniofacial movement disorders.Mayo Clin Proc 73(1):67–71Fante RG, Frueh BR (2001) Differential section of the seventh nerve as a tertiary procedure for thetreatment of benign essential blepharospasm. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 17(4):276–280Fine PG, Digre KB (1995) A controlled trial of regional sympatholysis in the treatment of photooculodyniasyndrome. J Neuroophthalmol 15(2):90–94Forget R, Tozlovanu V, Iancu A, Boghen D (2002) Botulinum toxin improves lid opening delaysin blepharospasm-associated apraxia of lid opening. Neurology 58(12):1843–1846Frevert J (2009) Xeomin is free from complexing proteins. Toxicon 54(5):697–701Frueh BR, Felt DP, Wojno TH, Musch DC (1984) Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinumtoxin. A preliminary report. Arch Ophthalmol 102(10):1464–1468Frueh BR, Nelson CC, Kapustiak JF, Musch DC (1988) The effect of omitting botulinum toxinfrom the lower eyelid in blepharospasm treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 106(1):45–47Frueh BR, Musch DC, Bersani TA (1992) Effects of eyelid protractor excision for the treatment ofbenign essential blepharospasm. Am J Ophthalmol 113(6):681–686Garland PE, Patrinely JR, Anderson RL (1987) Hemifacial spasm. Results of unilateral myectomy.Ophthalmology 94(3):288–294Gillum WN, Anderson RL (1981) Blepharospasm surgery. An anatomical approach. Arch Ophthalmol99(6):1056–1062Golbe LI, Davis PH, Lepore FE (1989) Eyelid movement abnormalities in progressive supranuclearpalsy. Mov Disord 4(4):297–302Gordon NS (2005) Focal dystonia, with special reference to writer’s cramp. Int J Clin Pract59(9):1088–1090
318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD (1988) Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51(6):767–772Grandas F, Quinn N, Elston J, Marsden CD (1990) The cause of blepharospasm is unknown inmost cases. Mov Disord 5(1):89Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B (1994) Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A inpatients with torticollis. Mov Disord 9(2):213–217Hallett M (2002) Blepharospasm: recent advances. Neurology 59(9):1306–1312Hambleton P (1992) Clostridium botulinum toxins: a general review of involvement in disease,structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. J Neurol 239(1):16–20Harrison AR (2003) Chemodenervation for facial dystonias and wrinkles. Curr Opin Ophthalmol14(5):241–245Harrison AR, Berbos Z, Zaldivar RA, Anderson BC, Semmer M, Lee MS, McLoon LK (2011)Modulating neuromuscular junction density changes in botulinum toxin treated orbicularisoculi. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:982–986Hasan SA, Baker RS, Sun WS et al (1997) The role of blink adaptation in the pathophysiology ofbenign essential blepharospasm. Arch Ophthalmol 115(5):631–636Hasegawa K, Watanabe T, Suzuki T et al (2007) A novel subunit structure of Clostridium botulinumserotype D toxin complex with three extended arms. J Biol Chem 282(34):24777–24783Herrero MT, Barcia C, Navarro JM (2002) Functional anatomy of thalamus and basal ganglia.Childs Nerv Syst 18(8):386–404Herz NL, Yen MT (2005) Modulation of sensory photophobia in essential blepharospasm withchromatic lenses. Ophthalmology 112(12):2208–2211Hexsel D, Dal’forno T (2003) Type A botulinum toxin in the upper aspect of the face. Clin Dermatol21(6):488–497Ho SL, Cheng PW, Wong WC et al (1999) A case-controlled MRI/MRA study of neurovascularcontact in hemifacial spasm. Neurology 53(9):2132–2139Holds JB, Alderson K, Fogg SG, Anderson RL (1990) Motor nerve sprouting in human orbicularismuscle after botulinum A injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31(5):964–967Horn AK, Porter JD, Evinger C (1993) Botulinum toxin paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle.Types and time course of alterations in muscle structure, physiology and lid kinematics. ExpBrain Res 96(1):39–53Hotson JR, Boman DR (1991) Memory-contingent saccades and the substantia nigra postulate foressential blepharospasm. Brain 114(Pt 1A):295–307Hott JS, Dalakas MC, Sung C, Hallett M, Youle RJ (1998) Skeletal muscle-speci fi c immunotoxinfor the treatment of focal muscle spasm. Neurology 50(2):485–491Huang W, Foster JA, Rogachefsky AS (2000) Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am AcadDermatol 43(2 Pt 1):249–259Ishikawa M, Ohira T, Namiki J et al (1997) Electrophysiological investigation of hemifacial spasmafter microvascular decompression: F waves of the facial muscles, blink re fl exes, and abnormalmuscle responses. J Neurosurg 86(4):654–661Jacobs L, Kaba S, Pullicino P (1994) The lesion causing continuous facial myokymia in multiplesclerosis. Arch Neurol 51(11):1115–1119Jankovic JJ (1985) Clinical features, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of blepharospasmand cranial-cervical dystonia. In: Bosniak S (ed) Advances in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructivesurgery, vol 4. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 67–82Jankovic J (1992) Diagnosis and classi fi cation of tics and Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 58:7–14Jankovic J (2001) Tourette’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 345(16):1184–1192Jankovic J (2009) Clinical ef fi cacy and tolerability of Xeomin in the treatment of blepharospasm.Eur J Neurol 16(Suppl 2):14–18Jankovic J, Orman J (1987) Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlledstudy. Neurology 37(4):616–623Jankovic J, Patten BM (1987) Blepharospasm and autoimmune diseases. Mov Disord 2(3):159–163
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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Page 295 and 296: 298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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Page 299 and 300: 302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
Page 301 and 302: 304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
Page 303 and 304: 306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
Page 305 and 306: 308 J. Park et al.septum should be
Page 307 and 308: 310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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Page 311 and 312: 314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
Page 321 and 322: 326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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Page 331 and 332: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334: Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335 and 336: IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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