Craniofacial Muscles

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340 IndexFacial palsy (cont.)lower lip , 282midface and mouth , 279–281clinical examination and investigationauditory system and otoscopy , 272denervation , 271–272dizziness , 272ear pain , 271electrophysiological testing , 272salivation and stapedial re fl ex , 272corneal ulcers , 266etiology , 268–271idiopathic paralysis , 265life-threatening causes , 275nonsurgical management , 276subcutaneous muscular tension , 265Facial paralysis recovery index (FPRI) , 275Facial tics , 315GGlobal (GLOB) layer , 36, 37Glottic closure re fl ex , 177Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome , 132Graves’ disease , 81Growth hormone (GH)–IGF axis , 100Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) , 270HHead muscle developmentcellular and molecular parallels , 12EOM , 12extrinsic regulation , 18–19genetic programs , 16–17hypobranchial muscles , 12mesodermal origins , 13–14patterning and differentiation , 19–20pharyngeal arch-derived musclesclonal analysis , 21LIM-homeodomain protein Islet1 , 21pharyngeal mesoderm evolution , 22PM-derived cardiogenesis , 20–21satellite cells , 14–16somites , 12tongue muscles , 12Hemifacial microsomia , 132Hemifacial spasmclinical features , 310CNVII facial nerve , 310differential diagnosis , 312pathophysiologic features , 311treatmentBoNT Injection , 312neurosurgical decompression , 313oral medication , 312–313precipitating factors , 313–314Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG) , 97High-resolution manometry (HRM) , 160House–Brackmann system , 275Hyoid positions, tongue , 230Hyo-laryngeal complex elevation , 175Hypobranchial muscles , 12Hypoesthesia , 308Hypoglossal (cranial nerve XII)motor neurons , 230Hypoxia , 235IIGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) , 100Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) , 100Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) , 122Intrinsic laryngeal muscles(ILMs) , 147, 151breathing , 145–146canine larynx , 143, 144classi fi cation , 141–143denervation and reinnervation effectsmorphology , 196MyHC isoforms , 197PCA samples , 198RLN nerve section , 197–198TA muscle biology , 197fi ber’s energy supply , 147LCA muscle , 145mitochondrial density , 148–149MyHC , 149–151nerve–muscle connections , 151–153permanent rhythmic activity , 145phonation movements , 143slow tonic fi bers , 150–151slow vs. fast muscle fi ber types , 147–148swallowing , 146–147TA muscleactivition , 146components , 144–145vocal fry , 145JJaw–tongue coordination , 233KKrebs cycle , 43, 44
IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Laminin , 97Laryngeal adductor response (LAR) , 177Laryngeal mechanoreceptor stimulation , 235Laryngeal muscleamyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 190–192anatomical and physiological differences ,185biological and functional diversity , 186extrinsic musclesswallowing , 156–157voice production and modulation ,154–156ILMs ( see Intrinsic laryngeal muscles(ILMs))limb vs. craniofacial musclesneuromuscular disease and injury , 187unique phenotypes , 186–187motor control and biomechanicsautomatic motor control , 168–169central nervous system control ,170–171central neural control , 178innervation , 170–171neurological diseases , 178–179sensory-motor interactions control ,177–178neuromuscular diseaselimb and craniofacial muscleresponse , 187muscular dystrophy , 187–190myasthenia gravis , 193peripheral paralysis , 194recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysisbilateral , 194–195unilateral , 194superior laryngeal nerve paralysis ,195–196Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) , 143Lateral pterygoid muscle , 93Levator palpebrae superioris muscle , 31–32LIM-homeodomain protein Islet1 (Isl1) , 21Listing’s law , 54–55Lyme disease , 270MMasseter muscle , 99anatomy , 93craniofacial skeletal parameters , 94Frankfort horizontal plane , 94MRI scans , 93–94vs. non-cranial muscles , 102341satellite cell nuclei , 99TIMP-1 expression , 98type II fi bres in , 96Masticatory muscleaginganimal studies , 135EMG activity , 135–136fi ber type and MyHC isoform , 135myosin composition and synapseremodeling , 134–135anatomylateral pterygoid muscle , 93masseter muscle ( see Masseter muscle)medial pterygoid muscle , 92–93temporalis muscle , 92biochemistry , 97–98biomechanicsjaw movement , 113motor function , 113, 115multi-axis force transducer and axesorientation , 113, 114bruxism , 134characteristics , 131cortical neuroplasticity and controlICMS-evoked tongue motorresponse , 126–127jaw-opening and tongue-protrusivemuscles , 123, 126pain adaptation model , 127structure and function , 125–126developmental anomalies , 132motor functionchewing , 116cyclic jaw movements , 116voluntary movements , 115myosin heavy chainsembryonic and neonatal , 95extraocular MyHC , 96gene expression , 96–97isoforms , 94jaw-closing mechanism , 96jaw-opening mechanism , 96masticatory , 95neural processbrainstem re fl exes , 118–119cerebral cortex process , 121–125CNVII and CNXII motor nuclei ,117–118descending modulatory in fl uences , 115,119–120peripheral mechanisms , 117subcortical processes , 115, 120–121oromandibular dystonia , 134pain , 134
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 283 and 284: 286 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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Page 331 and 332: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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