Craniofacial Muscles

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240 M.S. Shallin humans: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cereb Cortex16(9):1289–1295Reis PM, Jung S, Aristoff JM, Stocker R (2010) How cats lap: water uptake by Felis catus. Science330(6008):1231–1234Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM (1978) Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusionduring sleep. J Appl Physiol 44(6):931–938Rice A, Fuglevand AJ, Laine CM, Fregosi RF (2011) Synchronization of presynaptic input tomotor units of tongue, inspiratory intercostal, and diaphragm muscles. J Neurophysiol105(5):2330–2336Romijn HJ, Hofman MA, Gramsbergen A (1991) At what age is the developing cerebral cortex ofthe rat comparable to that of the full-term newborn human baby? Early Hum Dev 26:61–67Saboisky JP, Gorman RB, De Troyer A, Gandevia SC, Butler JE (2007) Differential activationamong fi ve human inspiratory motoneuron pools during tidal breathing. J Appl Physiol102(2):772–780Sakamoto K, Nakata H, Kakigi R (2008) Somatosensory-evoked magnetic fi elds following stimulationof the tongue in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 119(7):1664–1673Sakamoto K, Nakata H, Inui K, Perrucci MG, Del Gratta C, Kakigi R, Romani G (2010a) A differenceexists in somatosensory processing between the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue.Neurosci Res 66:173–179Sakamoto K, Nakata H, Yumoto M, Kakigi R (2010b) Somatosensory processing of the tongue inhumans. Dysphagia 25(4):323–333Sauerland EK, Harper RM (1976) The human tongue during sleep: electromyographic activity ofthe genioglossus muscle. Exp Neurol 51(1):160–170Sauerland EK, Mitchell SP (1970) Electromyographic activity of the human genioglossus musclein response to respiration and to positional changes of the head. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc35(2):69–73Schnitzler A, Ploner M (2000) Neurophysiology and functional neuroanatomy of pain perception.J Clin Neurophysiol 17(6):592–603Smith KK, Kier WM (1989) Trunks, tongues, and tentacles: moving with skeletons of muscle. AmSci 77:29–36Sokoloff AJ (1993) Topographic segregation of genioglossus motoneurons in the neonatal rat.Neurosci Lett 155(1):102–106Sokoloff AJ, Deacon TW (1992) Musculotopic organization of the hypoglossal nucleus in the hypoglossalnucleus in the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis . J Comp Neurol 324:81–93Steele CM, Miller AJ (2010) Sensory input pathways and mechanisms in swallowing: a review.Dysphagia 25(4):323–333Tsuiki S, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T (2000) Functional divergence of human genioglossus motorunits with respiratory-related activity. Eur Respir J 15:906–910Uemura-Sumi M, Itoh M, Mizuno N (1988) The distribution of hypoglossal motoneurons in thedog, rabbit and rat. Anat Embryol (Berl) 177(5):389–394Vogt BA (2005) Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus. Nat RevNeurosci 6(7):533–544Wilkinson V, Malhotra A, Nicholas CL, Worsnop C, Jordan AS, Butler JE, Saboisky JP, GandeviaSC, White DP, Trinder J (2010) Discharge patterns of human genioglossus motor units duringarousal from sleep. Sleep 33(3):379–387Withington-Wray DJ, Mif fl in SW, Spyer KM (1988) Intracellular analysis of respiratory-modulatedhypoglossal motoneurons in the cat. Neuroscience 25(3):1041–1051
Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto Neuromuscular Diseases and Speci fi cPathologiesZi-Jun Liu14.1 OverviewThe tongue is the only muscular organ in the craniofacial region and plays fundamentalroles in almost all oral motor functions, including drinking, ingestion, chewing,swallowing, respiration, and speech. A number of neuromuscular diseases, such asepilepsy, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s andHuntington’s diseases, and myasthenia gravis, signi fi cantly affect tongue motorfunctions. These negative impacts include reduced or complete loss of control inmoving the tongue (tongue displacement) and/or changing the shape of the tongue(tongue deformation), tongue spasm or convulsion, muscle dystonia, and ankyloglossia.Several sensational disorders may also occur due to these neuromusculardiseases, including burning tongue, loss of taste function (ageusia), decreased abilityto taste (hypogeusia), and changes in taste (dysgeusia). In recent decades, extensivestudies have demonstrated that tongue size, volume, position, and neuromuscularactivity, especially in the tongue base, are signi fi cantly implicated in obstructivesleep apnea (OSA), a potential life-threatening disorder of breathing, which affects2–4% of the adult population (Schwab 2003 ; Schwab et al . 2003 ) .In addition to the complex network of interwoven fi bers and fi ber bundles fromfour intrinsic and four extrinsic tongue muscles which facilitate complicated anddelicate tongue kinematics, the tongue also has a large network of subdividing nervebranches and blood supply. Studies have shown that the hypoglossal nerve alone hasmore than 50 primary branches innervating tongue musculature (Mu and Sanders1999 ) . Unlike other body motor organs, the tongue is composed almost entirely ofZ.-J. Liu (*)Department of Orthodontics , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USAe-mail: zjliu@uw.eduL.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade (eds.), Craniofacial Muscles: A New Frameworkfor Understanding the Effector Side of Craniofacial Muscle Control,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4466-4_14, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013241
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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