Craniofacial Muscles

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Fig. 4.7 The top two panels show a sample saccadic eye movement and the eye velocity associatedwith the saccade. The third panel shows burst-tonic activity of a motoneuron that drives the rightwardsaccade. Included are model fi ts with only position and velocity terms ( 4.1 ) and with position,velocity, acceleration, and slide terms ( 4.2 ). Although the fi rst-order pulse-step model fi t of( 4.1 ) results in quite a good representation of motoneuron response, the pulse-slide-step model isa better representation of motoneuron response. Bottom panel —Contributions of individual termsof the pulse-slide-step model towards the fi nal motoneuron response
64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens neurons (Fuchs et al. 1988 ) . A straightforward explanationmay be that we have not yet arrived at the correct combination of higher order andnonlinear eye-terms (variations of ( 4.1 ) and ( 4.2 ) for example) that would providea single uni fi ed model representation of motoneuron discharge (Sklavos et al. 2005 ) .Another possibility, promoted by Sylvestre and Cullen ( 1999 ) , is that the dynamics ofthe antagonist muscle may be different during fast and slow eye movements. Thus,during a fast eye movement, motoneurons innervating the antagonist muscle are completelyshut-off and so the movement is determined by the active agonist muscleonly working against the passive properties of the antagonist muscle. On the otherhand, during slow eye movements, the system works in push-pull manner with bothmuscles actively innervated.A few studies have tried to examine whether the response properties of the abducensinternuclear neurons differed from that of the lateral rectus motoneurons (abducensmotoneurons) in the abducens nucleus (Delgado-Garcia et al. 1986a, b ; Fuchs et al.1988 ) . Using antidromic activation methods, Fuchs and colleagues unequivocallyidenti fi ed internuclear neurons in the abducens nucleus of the monkey. Although bothabducens internuclear neurons and lateral rectus motoneurons showed burst-tonicresponses that are qualitatively similar, there were some important quantitative differencesin their response characteristics. While motoneurons appear to show a recruitmentorder (the eye position sensitivity, K , increased with increasing threshold),internuclear neurons were mostly already recruited even for thresholds of 20 deg inthe off-direction, and there was no apparent relationship between threshold and positionsensitivity. Further, if the velocity sensitivity is plotted as a function of eyeposition threshold, then motoneurons and internuclear neurons appear to form twodistinct clusters. The abducens internuclear neurons tend to be clustered with highersensitivities at lower thresholds (see Fig. 4.8 in Fuchs et al. 1988 ) . Some studies haveused this indirect strategy to classify abducens neurons into lateral rectus motoneuronsand abducens internuclear neurons (Sylvestre and Cullen 1999, 2002 ) .4.3.2 Neurons in the Oculomotor Nucleus4.3.2.1 NeuroanatomyThe oculomotor nucleus is a midline nucleus that extends rostrally to the posteriorcommissure and caudally to the trochlear nucleus at the ponto-mesencephalic junction.Dorso-ventrally, it is just ventral to the peri-aqueductal gray matter. Neuronsfrom each oculomotor nucleus innervate one of four EOMs as summarized inTable 4.1 . The topographic organization of neuronal subdivisions was fi rst establishedby Warwick ( 1953 ) , and later revised by Buttner-Ennever and colleagues(Warwick 1953 ; Buttner-Ennever et al. 2001 ) . In this revised scheme, the innervationof EOM is organized in a rostro-caudal manner with the inferior rectus subdivisionbeing the most rostral followed caudally by the MR, IO, and SR divisions(Buttner-Ennever et al. 2001 ) .
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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Page 31 and 32: 2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
Page 33 and 34: 2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
Page 35 and 36: Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
Page 37 and 38: 32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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Page 51 and 52: 46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
Page 53 and 54: 48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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Page 57 and 58: 52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
Page 59 and 60: 54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
Page 61 and 62: 56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
Page 63 and 64: 58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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Page 75 and 76: 70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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Page 91 and 92: 86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94: 88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Page 115 and 116: 112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
Page 117 and 118: 114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
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292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
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294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
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296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
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298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
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300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
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302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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