Craniofacial Muscles

Recommendations

Info

168 C.L. Ludlowfor voiced and voiceless consonants. Both the laryngeal and pharyngeal musclesare used in voice and speech for communication in humans; Not only are the laryngealmuscles used to control the fundamental frequency and voicing, the shape andposition of the tongue and pharynx are used to alter resonance to amplify certainharmonics of the fundamental frequency for producing vowel sounds (Borden andHarris 1984 ) .Speech gestures are learned in humans from infancy and differ in neural controlmechanisms from innate vocalizations present in other mammals. These largelydepend upon functional relationships between cortical regions involved in speechperception and production. The production of speech sounds is guided by speechperception (Hickok et al. 2011 ) ; the infant must learn to manipulate air fl ow onexhalation to produce similar sounds to those in their environment. With languageacquisition, they are able to produce novel combinations of speech sounds that arerecognizable by listeners of the same language. This becomes a relatively automaticmotor control behavior by late adolescence (Smith and Zelaznik 2004 ) . Table 10.1summarizes the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and their actions.Swallowing involves patterns of neural control in the medulla that produce arapid sequence of pharyngeal muscle contractions producing sequential pressuresfor bolus passage via the hypopharynx through the upper esophageal sphincter(Kahrilas et al. 1992 ) . With development in childhood, swallowing can come undervolitional cortical control in humans. By adulthood the cortical activation duringboth volitional and spontaneous swallowing is somewhat similar (Martin et al.2001 ) . With the descent of the larynx in the upper airway in humans, prevention ofbolus entry into the airway depends upon laryngeal elevation and epiglottic inversionduring swallowing. The need to integrate swallowing with breathing in adulthumans is critical with normal swallowing occurring primarily during expiration(Hardemark Cedborg et al. 2009 ) .Therefore, the neural control of the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscle groups forinnate vocalization, voice and speech, and swallowing, may involve different integrativeneural control systems, some which are present at birth while others emergewith development to involve cortical mechanisms and learning. By adulthood, thelaryngeal and pharyngeal muscles are controlled by relatively automatic patterns,involving both re fl exive and volitional control in the central nervous system. Thesefunctions are not under explicit motor control in humans. The patterning of thelaryngeal muscles for these functions varies across individuals and from time totime (Poletto et al. 2004 ) . This has made them dif fi cult to study in humans, whilethe cortically based neural substrates involved in these functions in animals aredif fi cult to study because of anesthesia or decerebrate preparations being required.Few have studied the neural mechanisms involved in laryngeal and pharyngealmuscle patterning for vocalization and swallowing in naturally behaving awakeanimals (Grohrock et al. 1997 ) .Given these limitations, this chapter will address current understanding of themotor control and biomechanics of the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles for vocalization,speech, and swallowing in mammals and humans in particular.
10 Motor Control and Biomechanics of Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Muscles169Table 10.1 Intrinsic laryngeal muscles, their insertion points, contraction effects, function for voice, respiration and swallowing, and innervationsMuscle Insertions Effects of contraction Task function InnervationAdductor musclesThyroarytenoid Anterior surface of the arytenoidcartilage to the inner surfaceof the thyroidLateralcricoarytenoidMuscular process of the arytenoidto the upper lateral surface ofthe cricoid’s rimInterarytenoid Lateral fi bers between thearytenoids and diagonal fi bersform the tip of the arytenoidsto the lateral aspect of theopposite arytenoidAbductor musclePosteriorcricoarytenoidFrom muscular process to theposterior surface of thecricoid, various angles ofinsertion of differentcompartmentsLengthening muscleCricothyroid Upper surface of the cricoid to theinternal surface of the thyroidcartilage (rectus) and lateralsurface of the cricoid to thethyroid cartilage (oblique)Shortens the vocal fold andpulls the vocal processdownwardPulls the muscular processforward towards thecricoid’s rimFixes the two arytenoidsduring adductionOpens the vocal folds bypulling the muscularprocess backwardsrocking the arytenoidscartilage and elevatingand opening the vocalprocessPulls the thyroid cartilageforwards and downwardsover the cricoid’cartilage stretching thevocal foldsFor sphincteric closure duringswallowing, partial adduction inactive respiration, vocal fold closure,and co-contraction with cricothyroidto tense to increase fundamentalfrequency of vibration during voiceVocal fold adduction, bursts seen onvocal fold closure, and openingduring speechNot well studied because of inaccessibilityin human forelectromyographyOpens the vocal folds for inhalation andsniff and for voice offset forvoiceless consonants during speech.May contract during increase infundamental frequency to stabilizethe arytenoids during high levels ofthyro arytenoid and cricothyroidco-contractionActive during sniff to stretch the vocalfolds as they open, co-contractionwith the thyroarytenoid to tense thevocal fold to increase fundamentalfrequency during vibrationAdductor branch of therecurrent laryngealnerve, unilateralonlyAdductor branch of therecurrent laryngealnerveAdductor branch of therecurrent laryngealnerve, may havesome bilateralinnervationAbductor branch of therecurrent laryngealnerveExternal branch of thesuperior laryngealnerve
Page 2:
Craniofacial Muscles
Page 5 and 6:
EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
Page 7 and 8:
viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
Page 9 and 10:
viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
Page 11 and 12:
Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
Page 13 and 14:
1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 15 and 16:
1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
Page 19 and 20:
2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
Page 21 and 22:
2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
Page 23 and 24:
2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
Page 25 and 26:
2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
Page 27 and 28:
2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
Page 29 and 30:
2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
Page 31 and 32:
2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
Page 33 and 34:
2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
Page 35 and 36:
Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
Page 37 and 38:
32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
Page 39 and 40:
34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
Page 41 and 42:
36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
Page 43 and 44:
38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
Page 45 and 46:
40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
Page 47 and 48:
42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
Page 49 and 50:
44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
Page 51 and 52:
46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
Page 53 and 54:
48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
Page 55 and 56:
50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
Page 57 and 58:
52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
Page 59 and 60:
54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
Page 61 and 62:
56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
Page 63 and 64:
58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
Page 65 and 66:
60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
Page 67 and 68:
62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
Page 69 and 70:
64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
Page 71 and 72:
66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
Page 73 and 74:
68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
Page 75 and 76:
70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
Page 77 and 78:
72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
Page 79 and 80:
74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
Page 81 and 82:
76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
Page 83 and 84:
78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
Page 85 and 86:
80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
Page 87 and 88:
82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
Page 89 and 90:
84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
Page 91 and 92:
86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
Page 93 and 94:
88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
Page 97 and 98:
6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
Page 117 and 118:
114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
Page 119 and 120: 116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
Page 121 and 122: 118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
Page 123 and 124: 120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
Page 125 and 126: 122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
Page 127 and 128: 124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
Page 129 and 130: 126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
Page 131 and 132: 128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
Page 133 and 134: 130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
Page 135 and 136: 132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
Page 137 and 138: 134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
Page 139 and 140: 136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
Page 141 and 142: 138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 9Structure and Function of
Page 145 and 146: 9 Structure and Function of the Lar
Page 169: Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
Page 173 and 174: 10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
Page 187 and 188: 186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
Page 189 and 190: 188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
Page 191 and 192: 190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
Page 193 and 194: 192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
Page 195 and 196: 194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
Page 197 and 198: 196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
Page 199 and 200: 198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
Page 201 and 202: 200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
Page 203 and 204: 202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
Page 205 and 206: Part VITongue Musculature
Page 207 and 208: 208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
Page 209 and 210: 210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
Page 211 and 212: 212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
Page 213 and 214: 214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
Page 215 and 216: 216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
Page 217 and 218: 218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
Page 219 and 220: 220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
Page 221 and 222:
222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
Page 223 and 224:
224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
Page 225 and 226:
226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
Page 229 and 230:
Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
Page 231 and 232:
13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
Page 241 and 242:
14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Part VIIFacial Muscles
Page 263 and 264:
266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
Page 287 and 288:
290 J. Park et al.Table 16.2 Jankov
Page 289 and 290:
292 J. Park et al.16.2.3 Pathophysi
Page 291 and 292:
294 J. Park et al.evident eyelid sq
Page 293 and 294:
296 J. Park et al.Focal motor seizu
Page 295 and 296:
298 J. Park et al.Fig. 16.1 Content
Page 297 and 298:
300 J. Park et al.Botox ® in human
Page 299 and 300:
302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
Page 301 and 302:
304 J. Park et al.is as high as 50%
Page 303 and 304:
306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
Page 305 and 306:
308 J. Park et al.septum should be
Page 307 and 308:
310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
Page 309 and 310:
312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
Page 311 and 312:
314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
Page 313 and 314:
316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
Page 315 and 316:
318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
Page 317 and 318:
320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
Page 319 and 320:
Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
Page 321 and 322:
326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
Page 329 and 330:
334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
Page 331 and 332:
IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334:
Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335 and 336:
IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
Page 337 and 338:
Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
Page 339:
Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
show all

Craniofacial Muscles

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?