Craniofacial Muscles

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17 Comparison of the Craniofacial Muscles: A Unifying Hypothesis331muscles compared to those in limb skeletal muscle. From a clinical viewpoint, theyrepresent both challenges and opportunities in their differential propensity for orsparing from limb skeletal muscle diseases and pathology.There is a great deal more work that needs to be done before we understand thebasis for the molecular, cellular, and physiological differences between the craniofacialand limb skeletal muscles. They are complex muscles, dif fi cult to study, andfew laboratories are studying them. This, however, provides for opportunity, as theclinical potential for understanding how these muscles function and the mechanism(s)for their preferential sparing from or involvement in skeletal muscle diseases shouldyield important new approaches for the treatment of limb skeletal muscle pathologyas well as ways to treat craniofacial muscle pathology.ReferencesAsmussen G, Gaunitz U (1981) Mechanical properties of the isolated inferior oblique muscle ofthe rabbit. P fl ugers Arch 392:183–190Asmussen G, Beckers-Bleukx G, Marechal G (1994) The force-velocity relation of the rabbitinferior oblique muscle; in fl uence of temperature. P fl ugers Arch 426:542–547Asmussen G, Punkt K, Bartsch B, Soukup T (2008) Speci fi c metabolic properties of rat oculorotatoryextraocular muscles can be linked to their low force requirements. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 49:4866–4871Bergrin M, Bicer S, Lucas CA, Reiser RJ (2006) Three-dimensional compartmentalization ofmyosin heavy chain and myosin light chain isoforms in dog thyroarytenoid muscle. Am JPhysiol Cell Physiol 290:1446–1458Bicer S, Reiser PJ (2009) Myosin isoform expression in dog rectus muscles: patterns in global andorbital layers and among single fi bers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:157–167Borisov AB, Dedkov EI, Carlson BM (2005) Abortive myogenesis in denervated skeletal muscle:differentiative properties of satellite cells, their migration, and block of terminal differentiation.Anat Embryol 209:269–279Bothe I, Tenin G, Oseni A, Dietrich S (2011) Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning.Development 138:2807–2821Botteron S, Verdebout CM, Jeannet PY, Kiliaridis S (2009) Orofacial dysfunction in Duchennemuscular dystrophy. Arch Oral Biol 54:26–71Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baker M, McCue S, Baldwin KM (2000) MHC polymorphism in rodentplantaris muscle: effects of mechanical overload and hypothyroidism. Am J Physiol CellPhysiol 278:C709–C717Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Huang K, Chou H, Wu YZ, Baldwin KM (2003) Single- fi ber myosin heavychain polymorphism: how many patterns and what proportions? Am J Physiol Regul IntegrComp Physiol 285:R570–R580Close RI, Luff AR (1974) Dynamic properties of inferior rectus muscle of the rat. J Physiol236:259–270Connor NP, Suzuki T, Lee K, Sewall GK, Heisey DM (2002) Neuromuscular junction changes inaged rat thyroarytenoid muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 11:579–586Connor NP, Ota F, Nagai H, Russell JA, Leverson G (2009) Differences in age-related alterationsin muscle contraction properties in rat tongue and hindlimb. J Speech Lang Hear Res52:732–744Di Constanzo A, Toriello A, Mottola A, Di Iorio G, Bonavita V, Tedeshi G (1997) Relative sparingof extraocular muscles in myotonic dystrophy: an electrooculographic study. Acta NeurolScand 95:158–163
332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDiehl AG, Zareparsi S, Qian M, Khanna R, Angeles R, Gage PJ (2006) Extraocular morphogenesisand gene expression are regulated by Pitx2 gene dose. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:1785–1793Donghui C, Shicai C, Wei W, Fei L, Jianjun J, Gang C, Hongliang Z (2009) Functional modulationof satellite cells in long-term denervated human laryngeal muscle. Laryngoscope120:353–358Eckardt L, Harzer W (1996) Facial structure and functional fi ndings in patients with progressivemuscular dystrophy (Duchenne). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 110:185–190Fuchs AF, Binder MD (1983) Fatigue resistance of human extraocular muscles. J Neurophysiol49:28–34Goding GS, Al-Sharif K, McLoon LK (2005) Myonuclear addition to uninjured laryngealmyo fi bers in adult rabbits. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 114:552–557Häger M, Durbeej M (2009) Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from degeneration in the dy3K/dy3K mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. Muscle Nerve 39:91–94Hinrichsen C, Dulhunty A (1982) The contractile properties, histochemistry, ultrastructure, andelectrophysiology of the cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in the rat. J MuscleRes Cell Motil 3:169–190Hoh JFY (2002) “Superfast” or masticatory myosin and the evolution of jaw-closing muscles ofvertebrates. J Exp Biol 205:2203–2210Hoh JF (2005) Laryngeal muscle fi bre types. Acta Physiol Scand 183:133–149Jacoby J, Chiarandini DJ, Stefani E (1989) Electrical properties and innervation of fi bers in theorbital layer of rat extraocular muscles. J Neurophysiol 61:116–125Jung HH, Han SH, Nam SY, Kim YH, Kim JL (2004) Myosin heavy chain composition of ratmiddle ear muscles. Acta Otolaryngol 124:569–573Kallestad KM, Hebert SL, McDonald AA, Daniel ML, Cu SR, McLoon LK (2011) Sparing of theextraocular muscle in aging and dystrophic skeletal muscle: a myogenic precursor cell hypothesis.Exp Cell Res 317:873–885Kaminski HJ, al-Hakim M, Leigh RJ, Katirji MB, Ruff RL (1992) Extraocular muscles are sparedin advanced Duchenne dystrophy. Ann Neurol 32:586–588Kang LHD, Rughani A, Walkter ML, Bestak R, Hoh JFY (2010) Expression of masticatoryspecifi c isoforms of myosin heavy-chain, myosin-binding protein-C, and tropomyosin in musclefi bers and satellite cell cultures of cat masticatory muscle. J Histochem Cytochem 58:623–634Kersing W, Jennekens FG (2004) Age-related changes in human thyroarytenoid muscles: a histologicaland histochemical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 261:386–392Khurana TS, Prendergast RA, Alameddine HS, Tome FMS, Fardeau M, Arahata K, Sugita H,Kunkel LM (1995) Absence of extraocular muscle pathology in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy:role for calcium homeostasis in extraocular muscle sparing. J Exp Med 182:467–475Kiliaridis S, Katsaros C (1998) The effects of myotonic dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophyon the orofacial muscles and dentofacial morphology. Acta Odontol Scand 56:369–374Kjellgren D, Thornell LE, Virtanen I, Pedrosa-Domellöf F (2004) Laminin isoforms in humanextraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:4233–42939Korfage JAM, Koolstra JH, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2005) Fiber-type composition ofthe human jaw muscles—(Part 2) Role of hybrid fi bers and factors responsible for inter-individualvariation. J Dent Res 84:784–793Kwa SHS, Weijs WA, Juch PJW (1995) Contraction characteristics and myosin heavy chain compositionof rabbit masseter motor units. J Neurophysiol 73:538–549Larsson L, Moss RL (1993) Maximum velocity of shortening in relation to myosin isoformcomposition in single fi bres from human skeletal muscles. J Physiol 472:595–614Lee H, Park M, Lee J, Lee ES, Baek S (2011) Histopathologic fi ndings of the orbicularis oculi inupper eyelid aging: total or minimal excision of orbicularis oculi in upper blepharoplasty. ArchFacial Plast Surg, Dec 19 Epub ahead of printLindquist C (1973) Contraction properties of cat facial muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 89:482–490
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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200 J.C. Stemple et al.Gardner GM,
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202 J.C. Stemple et al.Rhee HS, Luc
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Part VITongue Musculature
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208 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderTh
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210 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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212 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholder12
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214 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderou
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216 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderbe
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218 A. Sokoloff and T. Burkholderel
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220 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderFi
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222 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderCo
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224 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderAn
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226 A. Sokoloff and T. BurkholderOl
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Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Fig. 13.1 Retrogradely labeled enti
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13 Tongue Biomechanics and Motor Co
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Chapter 14Tongue Muscle Responseto
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14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neurom
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Part VIIFacial Muscles
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266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
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Page 285 and 286: 288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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Page 299 and 300: 302 J. Park et al.Long-term effect
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Page 319 and 320: Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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Page 331 and 332: IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
Page 333 and 334: Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
Page 335 and 336: IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Page 339: Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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