Craniofacial Muscles

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254 Z.-J. LiuFig. 14.10 Comparison of tongue morphology and its relation to mandibular dentition 4 weeksafter the surgery. Top : Tongue received sham surgery; Bottom : Tongue received reduction surgery.Note that the remarkable decreases in length and width ( double-arrowed red lines ) in the reductionas compared to the sham tongues (from Perkins et al. 2008 , with permission)The tongue cast and postmortem measurements further indicate that despite ongoinggrowth (compare before and after in sham-surgery animals in Table 14.1 ), the reductionsurgery signi fi cantly reduces the length and width of tongue body, and resultsin about 15% loss of both volume and weight of the tongue over a 4-week periodpostoperatively (Perkins et al . 2008 ) .Although complete healing of surgical incisions is seen from the tongue surface(Fig. 14.10 ), muscle fi ber reconstitution does not occur histologically in the surgicalsite. Instead, disorganized collagen fi bers are interwoven without any detectablearrangement or orientation. A few atrophied myo fi bers with reduced perimysiumand endomysium are sporadically distributed in fi brous tissue (Fig. 14.11 ). Thesefeatures are typical signs of fi brosis. Therefore, the recovery of normal musculararchitecture and functionality is compromised (Perkins et al . 2008 ) . The formationof fi brosis may cause further decreased muscle contractility and reduced range ofkinematics. A cell proliferation assessment study (Ye et al . 2010 ) further revealedthat like other skeletal muscles, myogenic regeneration in the tongue follows a centripetalgradient that fl ows from outer to inner regions, showing most and least
14 Tongue Muscle Response to Neuromuscular Diseases and Speci fi c Pathologies255Table 14.1 Comparisons of dimension and mass between reduction and sham tonguesDimensions (mm) MassLength Width Thickness Volume (mL) Loss (%) Weight (g) Loss (%)Sham Before 103.45 ± 4.90 60.15 ± 2.24 7.91 ± 0.33 n/a n/a n/a n/a4 weeks after 113.05 ± 5.21* 67.76 ± 0.61* 9.16 ± 0.58* 71.45 ± 2.20 n/a 71.43 ± 1.52 n/aReduction Before 104.52 ± 3.68 57.88 ± 2.26 8.03 ± 0.33 n/a n/a n/a n/a4 weeks after 82.99 ± 4.69* 50.66 ± 2.41* 10.49 ± 0.27* 60.62 ± 0.91 # 15.21 ± 0.78 59.42 ± 1.33 # 15.18 ± 0.19Dimension measures on tongue casts (anterior 2/3), and mass measures on postmortem tongue specimens% of loss calculated by specimen volume (weight)/removed part volume (weight) × 100%* p < 0.05 before and 4 weeks after surgery in each group; # p < 0.05 between the two groups 4 weeks after surgery
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Craniofacial Muscles
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EditorsLinda K. McLoonDepartment of
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viContents8 Masticatory Muscle Resp
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viiiContributorsMark Lewis School o
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Chapter 1The Craniofacial Muscles:
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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1 The Craniofacial Muscles: Argumen
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Chapter 2Head Muscle DevelopmentIta
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2 Head Muscle Development132.3 Head
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2 Head Muscle Development15Fig. 2.3
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2 Head Muscle Development17normal h
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2 Head Muscle Development19to specu
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2 Head Muscle Development21as Islet
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2 Head Muscle Development232.10 Sum
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2 Head Muscle Development25Hirsinge
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2 Head Muscle Development27Rudnicki
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Part IIIExtraocular Muscles
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32 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.1 Diagr
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34 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.4 Speci
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36 L.K. McLoon et al.3.4 Unusual Ch
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38 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.7 Longi
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40 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.8 Co-ex
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42 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.9 An ex
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44 L.K. McLoon et al.Fig. 3.10 Use
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46 L.K. McLoon et al.3.9 SummaryIn
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48 L.K. McLoon et al.Fuchs AF, Bind
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50 L.K. McLoon et al.Tajbakhsh S, R
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52 V.E. DasFig. 4.1 Initial studies
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54 V.E. DasFig. 4.2 Schematic view
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56 V.E. DasFig. 4.3 Top panel —co
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58 V.E. Das4.3 Motor Control of Con
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60 V.E. DasFig. 4.6 Schematic showi
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62 V.E. DasFR: fi ring rateD t : ne
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64 V.E. Dasresponses of abducens ne
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66 V.E. Dasend (Buttner-Ennever et
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68 V.E. Dascontrolled by appropriat
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70 V.E. Das4.6 SummaryThe oculomoto
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72 V.E. DasHoerantner R, Kaltofen T
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74 V.E. DasTweed DB, Haslwanter TP,
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76 F. Pedrosa Domellöfcompletely d
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78 F. Pedrosa DomellöfFig. 5.2 NMJ
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80 F. Pedrosa DomellöfHowever, bec
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82 F. Pedrosa Domellöfadhesions be
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84 F. Pedrosa Domellöfshown that (
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86 F. Pedrosa DomellöfReferencesAg
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88 F. Pedrosa DomellöfMori M, Kuwa
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Chapter 6Masticatory Muscle Structu
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6 Masticatory Muscle Structure and
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112 B.J. Sessle et al.zygomaticus m
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114 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.1 ( a
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116 B.J. Sessle et al.Most of the m
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118 B.J. Sessle et al.lie immediate
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120 B.J. Sessle et al.(Dubner et al
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122 B.J. Sessle et al.Fig. 7.3 An e
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124 B.J. Sessle et al.that each out
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126 B.J. Sessle et al.2010 ; Plowma
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128 B.J. Sessle et al.activities. S
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130 B.J. Sessle et al.Moayedi M, We
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132 S.L. Hebert et al.type 3 and cr
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134 S.L. Hebert et al.This early de
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136 S.L. Hebert et al.that EMG valu
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138 S.L. Hebert et al.Newton JP, Ab
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Chapter 9Structure and Function of
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9 Structure and Function of the Lar
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Chapter 10Motor Control and Biomech
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10 Motor Control and Biomechanics o
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186 J.C. Stemple et al.established
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188 J.C. Stemple et al.of protein d
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190 J.C. Stemple et al.the depictio
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192 J.C. Stemple et al.Fig. 11.2 Ul
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194 J.C. Stemple et al.11.6 Larynge
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196 J.C. Stemple et al.Neurapraxia,
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198 J.C. Stemple et al.of the preci
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Page 205 and 206: Part VITongue Musculature
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Page 227 and 228: Chapter 13Tongue Biomechanics and M
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Page 261 and 262: Part VIIFacial Muscles
Page 263 and 264: 266 A.O. Grobbelaar and A.C.S. Wool
Page 285 and 286: 288 J. Park et al.Table 16.1 Disord
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306 J. Park et al.Table 16.4 Drugs
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308 J. Park et al.septum should be
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310 J. Park et al.16.9 Hemifacial S
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312 J. Park et al.16.9.5 TreatmentB
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314 J. Park et al.regeneration beca
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316 J. Park et al.Alderson K, Holds
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318 J. Park et al.Grandas F, Elston
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320 J. Park et al.McCord CD Jr (198
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Part VIIISummary and Conclusions
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326 L.K. McLoon and F.H. Andrade17.
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332 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeDie
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334 L.K. McLoon and F.H. AndradeSam
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IndexAAbducens nucleusvs. lateral r
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Index339Embryonic myosin heavy chai
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IndexLLagophthalmos , 304, 308Lamin
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Indexmuscular dystrophy , 187-190my
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Index345hydrostat mass reduction ,
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