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Institute of Applied Geosiences Physical Geology and Global Cycles In the solar system, Earth is an unique rocky planet with an ocean and an atmosphere. It is inhabited by bacteria since about 4 billion years and by higher life - plants and animals - since ca. 600 million years. Organisms, air, water, and rocks are interconnected in an unending cycle of matter and energy: The Earth System. The crustal plates of Earth are driven by radioactive heat. This causes creation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges at rates of several centimetres per year. On the other side, plate margins collide, become subducted into the mantle again, or fold up vast mountain ranges like the Alps and the Himalayas, combining rocks of very different origin. During subduction the basaltic crust is partially melted generating more felsic magmas which rise to form continental-type plutons and to cause lines of andesitic volcanoes such as occurring around the entire Pacific rim. This is called the endogenic cycle of rocks. At the same time Earth receives solar radiation which moves air and water in gigantic cycles around the planet. Specifically the water cycle causes the denudation of mountains by mechanical erosion and the leveling of plains by chemical weathering, the latter aided tremendously by vegetation and their CO2-input to soils. This is called the exogenic cycle of rocks. This exogenic cycle is increasingly impacted by mankind. The radiation balance of the atmosphere has been upset by the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other tracegases, Earth is warming. Industrially produced chlorinated hydrocarbons have risen to the stratosphere, threatening the protective ozone layer. Dust from traffic, industry and agriculture produce reagents which alter the air chemistry, causing unprecedented interactions with the marine realm, with vegetation and even with rocks through acidification, excessive deposition of nutrients and salts. Dry and wet deposition of anthropogenic (i.e. produced by humans) particles can be measured world-wide. The population explosion caused the intensification of agriculture and the alarming loss of topsoil and cuts down on the extent of natural ecosystems at the same time. The artificial fertilization of soils causes wide-spread nitrate pollution of shallow ground waters and urbanization alters the water cycle above and below ground. Local leakage and accidents with chemicals impact soil, rivers and ground water. Civil engineering, discharges and denudation cause alterations in almost all rivers world-wide and even coastal seas show increasing eutrophication, siltation and ecosystem changes in the water column and in the shallow sediments. The scars left by the mining of minerals and fossil energy are visible everywhere and cause increasingly problems. Everywhere man has changed the rate of natural processes. He spreads ever further into the landscape, utilizing - 114 -
egions and building in areas which should not be used considering their natural risks. Therefore damages through natural catastrophes rise traumatically endangering the world insurance system. All these processes and changes and their consequences are topics of Environmental Geology. Understanding global change and accepting the responsibility of mankind for this planet and its resources for future generations are prerequisites for the planning of a sustainable development. The division of Physical Geology and Geological Cycles at the Institute for Applied Geo-sciences addresses several questions important to environmental geology both in the present and in the geological past. These can be summarized as follows: • Paleoclimatology (through the study of varved sediments in the Dead Sea Basin/ Jordan and in Lake Van/Turkey and through the study of speleothems) • Carbonate geochemistry through time (through the study of alkaline crater lakes, stromatolites and through modeling of early ocean conditions also for other planets and moons of the solar system) • Karst and cave development (through the studies of cave development in limestone, gypsum and lava and through the study of cave deposits and their paleontological content and geochemical composition) • Biogeochemistry of rivers (through the study of the biogeochemistry of rivers such as the Ebro and Rhine or in Patagonia). Currently two German research funded projects are pursued, the reports of which follow below. Staff Members Head Research Associates Technical Personnel Secretaries (Partial) Diploma Students Doctoral Students Guest Scientists Prof. Dr. Stephan Kempe Dr. Jens Hartmann Dr. Doris Döppes Ingrid Hirsmüller Jürgen Krumm Kirsten Herrmann Monika Schweikhard Clemens Schmidt Hanna Wicke Shahrazad Abu-Ghazleh Nils Jansen Hans-Peter Hubrich Prof. Dr. Ahmad Al-Malabeh, Hashemite University, Jordan Prof. Dr. Kenji Okubo, Okayama University, Japan Prof. Dr. Josef Kazmierczak, Polnische Akademie der Wissenschaften Dr. Hans H. Dürr, Utrecht University, Niederlande - 115 -
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ANNUAL REPORT 2 0 0 6 FACULTY OF MA
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Annual Report 2006 Faculty 11 Mater
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Preface The year 2006 of the Depart
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difference of numerical and analyti
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Institute of Materials Science Phys
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Research Projects Bulk Amorphous Al
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el Dsoki, C.; Landersheim, V. ; Kau
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Das, J.; Kim, K. B.; Xu, W.; Wei, B
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Staff Members Head Prof. Dr. Jürge
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Zhou L.; Rixecker G.; Aldinger F.;
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concerned with the synthesis and ch
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Publications Fleissner, A.; Schmid,
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• Surface analysis The UHV-surfac
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T. Mayer, U. Weiler, E. Mankel and
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Thin films The Thin Film division w
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Berky, W.; Gottschalk, S.; Elliman,
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Guest Scientists Research Projects
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Hesse, S.; Zimmermann, J.; von Segg
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Structure Research The research in
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Research Projects Functional Advanc
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Dincer, I.; Elerman, Y.; Elmali, A;
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hexakis(imidazole)nickel(II)bis(for
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Chemical Analytics The chemical ana
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Collaborations The above mentioned
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Hoffmann, P.; Non-Invasive Identifi
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Ferroelectrics For this class of ma
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Materials Modelling The research ac
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Materials for Renewable Energies In
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Joint Research Laboratory Nanomater
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Collaborative Research Center (SFB)
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B7 P.I.: Prof. H. v. Seggern / Dr.
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The glass transition temperature (T
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