Microbiology, 2021

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1034 24 • Review Questions complications may develop in some cases. • Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are transmitted through contaminated food or water and hatch in the intestine. Juvenile larvae travel to the lungs and then to the pharynx, where they are swallowed and returned to the intestines to mature. These nematode roundworms cause ascariasis. • Necator americanus and Ancylostoma doudenale cause hookworm infection when larvae penetrate the skin from soil contaminated by dog or cat feces. They travel to the lungs and are then swallowed to mature in the intestines. • Strongyloides stercoralis are transmitted from soil through the skin to the lungs and then to the intestine where they cause strongyloidiasis. • Enterobius vermicularis are nematode pinworms transmitted by the fecal-oral route. After ingestion, they travel to the colon where they cause enterobiasis. • Trichuris trichiura can be transmitted through soil or fecal contamination and cause trichuriasis. After ingestion, the eggs travel to the intestine where the larvae emerge and REVIEW QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection? a. It produces acids that lower the pH of the stomach. b. It speeds up the process by which microbes are flushed from the digestive tract. c. It consumes food and occupies space, outcompeting potential pathogens. d. It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens. 2. What types of microbes live in the intestines? a. Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria b. A narrow range of bacteria, especially Firmicutes c. A narrow range of bacteria and fungi, especially Bacteroides d. Archaea and fungi only mature, attaching to the walls of the colon and cecum. • Trichinella spp. is transmitted through undercooked meat. Larvae in the meat emerge from cysts and mature in the large intestine. They can migrate to the muscles and form new cysts, causing trichinosis. • Taenia spp. and Diphyllobothrium latum are tapeworms transmitted through undercooked food or the fecal-oral route. Taenia infections cause taeniasis. Tapeworms use their scolex to attach to the intestinal wall. Larvae may also move to muscle or brain tissue. • Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode transmitted through eggs in the feces of infected animals, especially dogs. After ingestion, eggs hatch in the small intestine, and the larvae invade the intestinal wall and travel through the circulatory system to form dangerous cysts in internal organs, causing hydatid disease. • Flukes are transmitted through aquatic plants or fish. Liver flukes cause disease by interfering with the bile duct. Intestinal flukes develop in the intestines, where they attach to the intestinal epithelium. 3. What pathogen is the most important contributor to biofilms in plaque? a. Staphylococcus aureus b. Streptococcus mutans c. Escherichia coli d. Clostridium difficile 4. What type of organism causes thrush? a. a bacterium b. a virus c. a fungus d. a protozoan 5. In mumps, what glands swell to produce the disease’s characteristic appearance? a. the sublingual glands b. the gastric glands c. the parotid glands d. the submandibular glands Access for free at openstax.org.
24 • Review Questions 1035 6. Which of the following is true of HSV-1? a. It causes oral thrush in immunocompromised patients. b. Infection is generally self-limiting. c. It is a bacterium. d. It is usually treated with amoxicillin. 7. Which type of E. coli infection can be severe with life-threatening consequences such as hemolytic uremic syndrome? a. ETEC b. EPEC c. EHEC d. EIEC 13. Which protozoan has a unique appearance, with a blue halo, when viewed using ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy? a. Giardia lamblia b. Cryptosporidium hominis c. Cyclospora cayetanesis d. Entamoeba histolytica 14. The micrograph shows protozoans attached to the intestinal wall of a gerbil. Based on what you know about protozoan intestinal parasites, what is it? 8. Which species of Shigella has a type that produces Shiga toxin? a. S. boydii b. S. flexneri c. S. dysenteriae d. S. sonnei 9. Which type of bacterium produces an A-B toxin? a. Salmonella b. Vibrio cholera c. ETEC d. Shigella dysenteriae 10. Which form of hepatitisvirus can only infect an individual who is already infected with another hepatitisvirus? a. HDV b. HAV c. HBV d. HEV 11. Which cause of viral gastroenteritis commonly causes projectile vomiting? a. hepatitisvirus b. Astroviruses c. Rotavirus d. Noroviruses 12. Which protozoan is associated with the ability to cause severe dysentery? a. Giardia lamblia b. Cryptosporidium hominis c. Cyclospora cayetanesis d. Entamoeba histolytica Figure 24.41 (credit: Dr. Stan Erlandsen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) a. Giardia lamblia b. Cryptosporidium hominis c. Cyclospora cayetanesis d. Entamoeba histolytica 15. What is another name for Trichuris trichiura? a. pinworm b. whipworm c. hookworm d. ascariasis 16. Which type of helminth infection can be diagnosed using tape? a. pinworm b. whipworm c. hookworm d. tapeworm Fill in the Blank 17. The part of the gastrointestinal tract with the largest natural microbiota is the _________. 18. When plaque becomes heavy and hardened, it is called dental calculus or _________. 19. Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis is caused by _________. 20. Jaundice results from a buildup of _________.
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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Page 941 and 942:
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Page 945 and 946:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
Page 947 and 948:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
Page 949 and 950:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
Page 951 and 952:
Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
Page 953 and 954:
22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
Page 979 and 980:
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
Page 985 and 986:
23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
Page 987 and 988:
23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
Page 989 and 990:
23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
Page 991 and 992:
Page 993 and 994:
CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
Page 995 and 996:
Page 997 and 998: 24.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
Page 999 and 1000: 24.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
Page 1001 and 1002: 24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
Page 1007 and 1008: 24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
Page 1025 and 1026: 24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
Page 1031 and 1032: 24.5 • Protozoan Infections of th
Page 1033 and 1034: 24.5 • Protozoan Infections of th
Page 1035 and 1036: 24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
Page 1047: 24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
Page 1051 and 1052: CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
Page 1053 and 1054: 25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
Page 1055 and 1056: 25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
Page 1079 and 1080: 25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
Page 1089 and 1090: Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
Page 1091 and 1092: 25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
Page 1099 and 1100:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
Page 1101 and 1102:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
Page 1103 and 1104:
25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
Page 1105 and 1106:
25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
Page 1107 and 1108:
CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
Page 1109 and 1110:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
Page 1115 and 1116:
Page 1117 and 1118:
Page 1119 and 1120:
Page 1121 and 1122:
Page 1123 and 1124:
Page 1125 and 1126:
Page 1127 and 1128:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
Page 1129 and 1130:
Page 1131 and 1132:
Page 1133 and 1134:
Page 1135 and 1136:
Page 1137 and 1138:
Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
Page 1139 and 1140:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
Page 1141 and 1142:
Page 1143 and 1144:
Page 1145 and 1146:
Page 1147 and 1148:
26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
Page 1149 and 1150:
26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
Page 1151 and 1152:
26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
Page 1153 and 1154:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
Page 1155 and 1156:
Page 1157 and 1158:
Page 1159 and 1160:
Page 1161 and 1162:
Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
Page 1165 and 1166:
B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
Page 1167 and 1168:
B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
Page 1169 and 1170:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
Page 1171 and 1172:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
Page 1173 and 1174:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
Page 1175 and 1176:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
Page 1179 and 1180:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
Page 1187 and 1188:
Page 1189 and 1190:
Page 1191 and 1192:
E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
Page 1193 and 1194:
E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196:
E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198:
E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200:
E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202:
E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204:
E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206:
E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208:
E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210:
E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212:
E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214:
E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216:
E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218:
E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220:
E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222:
E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224:
E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226:
E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228:
E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230:
1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232:
1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234:
Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236:
Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238:
Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240:
Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242:
Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265:
Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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