Microbiology, 2021

22 • Review Questions 941
18. Which of the following is caused by infections
by bread molds?
A. mucormycosis
B. coccidioidomycosis
C. cryptococcosis
D. Pneumocystis pneumonia
19. In the United States, most histoplasmosis cases
occur
A. in the Pacific northwest.
B. in the desert southwest.
C. in the Mississippi river valley.
D. in Colorado river valley.
20. Which of the following infections can be
diagnosed using a skin test similar to the
tuberculin test?
A. histoplasmosis
B. cryptococcosis
C. blastomycosis
D. aspergillosis
Fill in the Blank
21. Unattached microbes are moved from the lungs
to the epiglottis by the _______ effect.
22. Many bacterial pathogens produce _______ to
evade phagocytosis.
23. The main type of antibody in the mucous
membrane defenses is _______.
24. _______ results from an inflammation of the
“voice box.”
25. _______ phagocytize potential pathogens in the
lower lung.
26. Calcified lesions called _______ form in the
lungs of patients with TB.
27. An inflammation of the middle ear is called
_______.
28. The _______ is used to serologically identify
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.
29. _______ is a zoonotic infection that can be
contracted by people who handle birds.
30. The main virulence factor involved in scarlet
fever is the _______.
31. The _______ virus is responsible for causing
German measles.
Short Answer
41. Explain why the lower respiratory tract is
essentially sterile.
42. Explain why pneumonia is often a lifethreatening
disease.
43. Name three bacteria that commonly cause
pneumonia. Which is the most common cause?
44. How does smoking make an individual more
susceptible to infections?
45. How does the diphtheria pathogen form a
pseudomembrane?
32. A(n) _______ is an uncontrolled positive
feedback loop between cytokines and
leucocytes.
33. In cases of shingles, the antiviral drug _______
may be prescribed.
34. The slow accumulation of genetic changes to an
influenza virus over time is referred to as
_______.
35. The _______ vaccine is effective in controlling
both measles and rubella.
36. In coccidioidomycosis, _______ containing
many endospores form in the lungs.
37. In cryptococcosis, the main fungal virulence
factor is the _______, which helps the pathogen
avoid phagocytosis.
38. In some mycoses, fungal balls called _______
form in the lungs
39. Most US cases of coccidioidomycosis occur in
_______.
40. Coccidioidomycosis may develop when
Coccidioides immitis _______ are inhaled.
46. Since we all have experienced many colds in our
lifetime, why are we not resistant to future
infections?
47. Which pulmonary fungal infection is most likely
to be confused with tuberculosis? How can we
discriminate between these two types of
infection?
48. Compare and contrast aspergillosis and
mucormycosis.