Microbiology, 2021

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1230 Index famciclovir 878, 965, 991 FAME analysis 280 Far-western blots 818 farmer’s lung 779 Fasciola 1028 Fascioliasis 1028 fasciolopsiasis 1028 Fasciolopsis buski 194, 1028 fastidious organisms 358 fatal familial insomnia 250 fatty acid 267 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis 280 fatty acids 268, 309 Fc receptors 732, 733 Fc region 729 fecal transplant 1006 fecal transplantation 690 feedback inhibition 294 fermentation 11, 305, 316, 985 ferredoxin 543 ferritin 695 Ferroplasma 351 fertility factor 443 fever 698, 716, 717 fibrin 640 fibrinogen 695 fibrinogen-to-fibrin cascade 640 fifth disease 879 filiform warts 877 filovirus 1070 fimbriae 100, 343, 639, 868, 998 fine focusing knob 44 Firmicutes 899, 984 fixation 59 flaccid cardiomegaly 1082 flaccid paralysis 1107, 1118 Flagella 65, 101, 122, 168, 181, 343, 639, 999, 1018 flagella staining 65 flagellin 710 flagellum 728 flat warts 877 flatworms 194 flavin adenine dinucleotide 290 Flavivirus 1067 Flavivirus 1069 flavoprotein 301 Flavr Savr 476 Fleming 560 flesh-eating bacterial syndrome 866 flocculant 814 Florey 560 flow cytometry 844 fluconazole 580, 885, 936, 970, 991, 1127 flucytosine 581, 936, 1124 fluid mosaic model 93 flukes 194, 1021 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 54, 68 fluorescence microscope 49, 831, 841 fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) 846 fluorescent 39 fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques 841 fluorescent enzyme immunoassays (FEIAs) 831 fluoride 535, 988 fluorine 533 fluorochromes 49 fluorogen 831, 841, 842 fluorophore 817 fluoroquinolones 576, 593, 595, 868, 908, 908, 949, 950, 952, 958, 996, 997, 999, 1002, 1002, 1006, 1054, 1104 focal infection 628 focal length 38 focal point 38 folic acid 584 folinic acid 1129 foliose lichens 214 folliculitis 857, 863 fomite 508 fomites 221, 665 Food and Drug Administration 501 food poisoning 985 food preservation 515, 523 foodborne botulism 1106 foodborne disease 993 foodborne illness 994 foodborne transmission 666 foreign epitopes 741 forensic science 483 formalin 539, 546 formed elements 700 Fornicata 190 foscarnet 1067 Fox 20 Fracastoro 41, 82, 657 fragmentation 342 frameshift mutation 429, 432 Francisella tularensis 1049 Frankia 158 Franklin 383, 384, 387 free protein antigens 748 free ribosomes 111 frequency 36 fructose 260, 264, 986 fruiting bodies 147 frustules 211 fruticose lichens 214 FtsZ 330 Fuligo septica 185 fulminant hepatitis 1014 functional groups 261 Fungi 25, 200, 204 fungicide 514 fungicides 209 fungistatic 514 furuncle 857, 863 furuncles 863 fusion inhibitors 588 Fusobacterium 136, 151, 153, 899, 955 G GABA 1117 galactose 260, 264, 265 Galileo 41 gallbladder 983, 1022 gamma aminobutyric acid 1105 gamma irradiation 523 gamma rays 434, 523 Gammaproteobacteria 143, 145, 154, 156 ganciclovir 879 gangrenous ergotism 643 Gardasil vaccine 967 Gardnerella 158, 158 Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 479, 955 gas chromatography (GC) 280 gas gangrene 93, 160, 346, 347, 520, 633, 1048 gastritis 617, 986, 1003 gastroenteritis 359, 652, 986, 1006, 1010, 1011, 1012 gastrointestinal anthrax 871 gastrointestinal tract 794 gelatinase 309 Gelsinger 500, 502 GenBank 492 gene 393, 408 gene expression 393, 408, 447 gene gun 477 gene silencing 498 gene therapy 478, 499 Generalized transduction 231, 441 generation time 332 genetic code 422 genetic diversity 440 genetic engineering 468 genetic rearrangement 740, 747, 749 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 670 genetics 369, 370, 372, 393 genital herpes 587, 878, 964 genital warts 966 genome 393 genomic library 474 genomics 494 genotype 393, 408 gentamicin 571, 868, 1048, 1051, 1051, 1054, 1104, 1108 Geobacillus 354 Geobacillus stearothermophilus 517 germ theory of disease 82, 657, 658, 660 germ tube 970 germ-line gene therapy 501 German measles 725, 926 germicide 546 germination 93 Gerstmann-Straussler- Scheinker disease 250 Ghon complexes 912 GI tract 980, 985 giant viral species 223 Giardia lamblia 119, 190, 388, 584, 613, 644, 794, 1018 giardiasis 1018 Giemsa staining 931 gingiva 982 gingival crevice 982 gingival space 982, 988, 989 gingivitis 988 glands 856 glial cells 1097 gliotoxin 644 glomerulonephritis 776, 947, 950 glomerulus 944 glucose 260, 263, 265, 266, 986 gluten 784 glycan gimmickry 645 glycans 266, 645 glycerol 268, 309 glycine receptors 1117 glycocalyces 626 glycocalyx 98 glycogen 266, 946 glycolipid 268 glycolysis 296 glycopeptides 569, 593 glycoprotein 274 glycosidic bond 265, 266 glycosidic linkage 266 glycosylation 592 goblet cell 898 goblet cells 688 goiter 784 Golden Age of <strong>Microbiology</strong> 15, 656 golden algae 211 Golgi 112 Golgi apparatus 112 gonorrhea 142, 346, 625, 640, 674, 874, 957 gonorrheal arthritis 957 gonorrheal endocarditis 957 Gonyaulax 211 Gosling 383, 384 graft 791 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) 792 Gram 60 Gram stain procedure 60, 62 gram-negative bacteria 137, 143, 358, 562 gram-negative cells 98 gram-positive bacteria 137, 358, 562 gram-positive cells 98 Gram’s iodine 60 granular conjunctivitis 874 granules 158, 279, 767 granulocytes 701, 702 granuloma 714, 780, 793 granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) 887, 1126 granulomatous lesions 931 granum 311 granzyme 777, 797 granzymes 706, 733, 743, 743 Graves disease 784 gravity displacement autoclave 516 gray baby syndrome 572 Great Oxygenation Event 345 green algae 211 green fluorescent protein 495 green nonsulfur bacteria 155 green sulfur bacteria 154, 358 Griffith 377, 441 Griffith’s transformation experiments 377 griseofulvin 581, 883 Group A strep 100, 841 group A streptococci 902 group A streptococcus (GAS) 866 group B Streptococcus 904 Group B streptococcus (GBS) 1104 growth curve 333 guanine 382 guanosine 587, 587 guanosine triphosphate 587 Guillain-Barré syndrome 1002 Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) 1099 guinea worm 27 Guinea worm disease 199 gummas 959
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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Page 957 and 958:
CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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Page 1159 and 1160:
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Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
Page 1179 and 1180:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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Page 1191 and 1192:
E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
Page 1193 and 1194: E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196: E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198: E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200: E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202: E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204: E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206: E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208: E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210: E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212: E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238: Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1247 and 1248: Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252: Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264: Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265: Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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