Microbiology, 2021

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1222 Index babesiosis 584, 1081 Bacillariophyta 211 bacillary angiomatosis 1051 bacillary dysentery 995 bacillary peliosis 1051 Bacilli 157, 160, 161 Bacillus 161, 163, 453, 471 Bacillus anthracis 135, 138, 397, 509, 621, 870 Bacillus cereus 162, 397, 1006 Bacillus firmus 351 Bacillus mesentericus 543 Bacillus subtilis 508, 569 bacitracin 563, 569 bacteremia 631, 870, 950, 957, 1042 bacteria 20, 23, 132, 139 bacterial cell walls 96 bacterial endocarditis 950 bacterial genomes 398 bacterial keratitis 876 bacterial lawn 241 bacterial meningitis 142, 320, 346, 1099 bacterial pneumonia 674, 1043 bacterial toxins 756 bacterial transformation 377 bacterial vaginosis (BV) 955 bactericidal 562, 564 bactericide 514 bacteriochlorophyll 311 bacteriochlorophylls 96, 154 bacteriocins 693, 946, 985 Bacteriodetes 984 bacteriology 28 bacteriophage 221, 379 bacteriophage preparation 222 Bacteriophages 241, 418, 441, 472 bacteriorhodopsin 169 bacteriostatic 514, 532, 562, 564 Bacteroides 136, 137, 151, 153, 955, 984 Bacteroidetes 346 Bactrim 564, 583 Balamuthia 1126 Balantidium coli 188 Baltimore classification system 226 barophiles 357 Bartonella 141 Bartonella henselae 1051 Bartonella quintana 1061 basal body 101, 122 base sequence 381 basic dye 59 basic fuchsin 60, 65 basidia 206 basidiocarps 206 Basidiomycota 206 basidiospores 206 basophils 698, 703, 704, 730 batch culture 333 BCG vaccine 913 BCR 747 Bdellovibrio 147, 148 Beadle and Tatum 374, 375, 408 beer 558 Beggiatoa 146 Beijerinck 220 Benda 117 benign 797 benzalkonium chlorides 536 benzathine benzylpenicillin 1047 benzimidazoles 586 benznidazole 1082 benzoic acid 542 benzoyl peroxide 542, 869 Berg 469 Bergey’s Manual 21, 137 Betaproteobacteria 142, 156, 855 bias 663 bifidobacteria 984 Bifidobacterium 158, 158 bilirubin 1015 binary fission 330 binocular 43 binomial nomenclature 20 biochemistry 258 biofilm 515, 626, 955, 986, 986, 988 biofilms 54, 99, 277, 342, 868, 876 biofuel 306 biogeochemical cycle 315, 319 bioinformatics 495 biological indicator spore tests 517 biological safety cabinet 509, 523, 525 biological safety levels 508 Biological transmission 667 biological vector 221, 667 bioluminescence 144 biomarkers 495 biomolecule 259 biopolymers 273 bioremediation 319 biosynthesis 230, 288, 298 biotechnology 468 bioterrorism 871 bisbiguanide 539 bismuth subsalicylate 1004 Black Death 1055 Blackburn 417 bladder infections 948 Blastomyces dermatitidis 204, 933 blastomycosis 204, 581, 933 bleach 534 blepharitis 860 blocking antibodies 782 blood clot 1043 blood clotting 640 blood flukes 586 blood transfusion 772, 773 blood types 771, 829 blood-brain barrier 689, 787, 1096, 1101, 1102, 1108, 1124, 1128, 1130 blood-group antigens 771 blood-spinal cord barrier 1096 bloodstream infections 672 blue-white screening 471, 471 blunt ends 469 boil 857 boiling 515 bone marrow 726, 738, 746 bone marrow ablation 795 bone marrow transplant 792, 794 BoNT 1106 Bordet-Gengou medium 915 Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetella pertussis 137, 142, 914 Borrelia 151, 153 Borrelia burgdorferi 330, 496, 640, 833, 1058 botox 637 botulinum neurotoxin 160, 1105 botulinum toxin 634, 637, 1107 botulism 93, 160, 508, 634, 751, 1106 Boveri 372 Boyer 469 bradycardia 1104 bradykinin 698, 714, 767 brain 1094 brain heart infusion 358 breakbone fever 1069 breast milk 730, 751 breeding 468 bridge reaction 298 brightfield microscope 43 Broad Street cholera epidemic 658 broad-spectrum antimicrobial 562 Brock 131 bronchi 897 bronchiole 897 bronchitis 577, 901 bronchoalveolar lavage 781 Brown 80 brown algae 211 Brucella 141, 1050 Bruton 793 Bruton X-linked agammaglobulinemia 793 BSL-1 509 BSL-2 509 BSL-3 509, 1055 BSL-3 microbe 932 BSL-4 509, 526, 1070 BSLs 508 bubo 1043 bubonic plague 1052 budding 342 budding yeasts 201 bulla 857 bullae 857, 864 Burkholderia 142 Burkholderia cepacia 277 Burkholderiales 142 Burkitt lymphoma 1065 burst 237 burst size 237 butanol 306 butoconazole 970 C C-reactive protein 695, 698, 732 C-reactive protein (CRP) 788 C. difficile 64, 1004, 1006 C. tritaeniorhynchus 1114 C1 complex 733 CA-MRSA 861 Calabar swellings 888 calcium propionate 542 calibration curve 341 caliciviruses 1011 Calvin-Benson cycle 315 CAMP factor 1104 Campylobacter 148, 149, 1002 Campylobacter jejuni 347, 388, 613, 1099 Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis 1002 campylobacteriosis 1002 cancer 791, 797 cancer vaccines 797 Candida 580, 623, 690, 794, 795, 899, 969, 984, 991 Candida albicans 136, 204, 344, 479, 643, 884 candidiasis 562, 581, 969 candle jar 349 canning 515 capillary 1038 capnophiles 349 capreomycin 596 capsid 224 capsomere 224 capsular serotypes 1101 capsule 98, 756 capsule staining 63 capsules 63, 639, 639, 644 carbamide peroxide 542 carbapenem 597 carbapenem resistance 592 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 549 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) 548, 595 carbapenemase 601 carbapenemases 595 carbapenems 568, 569, 595, 950, 1104 carbohydrate 263, 295 carbohydrates 268 carbolfuchsin 62 carbolic acid 660 carbon cycle 315 carbon fixation 133, 259 carbon skeleton 259, 268 carbonic acid 542 carbonyl group 274 carboxyl group 272 carboxylic acid 273 carboxysome 91 carbuncle 857, 863 carbuncles 863 carcinogen 432, 644 carcinogenesis 584 Cardiobacterium hominis 1047 cardiolipin 815 cardiotoxicity 576 carditis 903 caries 988 carotenoid 311 carotenoids 154 carrageenan 210, 212 carrier molecule 728 Carter Center 875 Case-control studies 662 caseinase 309 cat-scratch disease (CSD) 1051 catabolism 288, 290 catabolite activator protein (CAP) 450 catalase 348, 541, 644 catalase test 862 catalases 543 catalyst 292 catarrhal stage 914 catheter-related bloodstream
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
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APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
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D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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Page 1185 and 1186: D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
Page 1191 and 1192: E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
Page 1193 and 1194: E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196: E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198: E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200: E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202: E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204: E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206: E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208: E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210: E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212: E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246: Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248: Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252: Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264: Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265: Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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