Microbiology, 2021

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1248 Index T cells 726 T lymphocytes 726 T-cell dependent antibody response 794 T-cell receptor (TCR) 738, 740 T-dependent antigens 747, 756 T-independent antigens 747 T-VEC 798 Taenia 1026 Taenia saginata 196 Taenia solium 192, 1129 Taeniasis 1026 tail fiber 225 tail pins 225 Tamiflu 588 tapeworm 586, 1026 tapeworms 196, 1021 Taq DNA polymerase 488 Taq polymerase 355 target mimicry 593 tartar 986, 988 TATA box 420 Taxonomy 17 TCR 741, 744 Tdap vaccine 915 tear sac 858 tears 730, 858 teeth 981, 986, 988, 989 teixobactin 601 telbivudine 1015 telomerase 417 telomere 416 Temperate phages 229 TeNT antitoxin 1106 teratogenic 926 terbinafine 580, 883, 885 termination of DNA replication 415 termination of transcription 420 termination of translation 427 terpenoids 270 tertian malaria 1076 tertiary structure 274, 274 test sensitivity 806 test specificity 806 testes 945 tetanus 93, 138, 160, 614, 637, 653, 751, 1105 tetanus neurotoxin 1105 tetanus toxin 637 tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine 1106 tetracycline 558, 601, 862, 871, 989, 1002, 1004, 1060 tetracyclines 571, 593, 595, 908, 952 tetraspanins 971 TH1 cells 742 TH17 cells 742 TH2 cells 742, 748, 750 thallium acetate 910 thallus 200 Thaumarchaeota 168 theca 211 Theileria (Babesia) microti 188 therapeutic dosage 597 thermal cycler 467, 488 thermal death point (TDP) 515 thermal death time (TDT) 515 thermophiles 354 Thermoproteus 168 Thermotoga 167 Thermotogae 167 Thermus aquaticus 354, 488 theta (θ) toxin 1048 thiabendazole 1023 thin sections 67 Thiobacillus 143 thioglycolate medium 345 thioglycolate tube culture 345 thioxanthenones 586 thrombi 1052 thrombocytes 700 thrombosis 1046 Thucydides 14 thylakoid 118, 311 thylakoids 155 thymic selection 738, 740, 783 thymine 382 thymine dimer 434, 436, 523 thymocytes 737 thymol 529, 988 thymus 726, 737, 783 thyroid 784, 786 thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 784 thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) 784 ticks 151, 667, 1061 tigecycline 549, 572, 601 tincture 532, 535 tine test 779 tinea corporis 580, 882 tinea cruris 580, 882 tinea pedis 580, 882 tinea versicolor 580 tineas 882 tinidazole 584, 955, 972, 1018, 1019 tioconazole 970 tissue transplant rejection 777 tissue tropism 232 titer 812, 815, 824, 827, 842 TMP/SMZ 862, 999, 1001, 1002 TNF-α 788, 1043 tobacco mosaic disease 220 tobacco mosaic virus 223 toga 167 tolerance 783 toll-like receptors 735, 748 toll-like receptors (TLRs) 710 Tomato planta macho viroid 249 tongue 981 tonsillitis 901 tonsils 738 tooth 982 topoisomerase 414 topoisomerase II 413 topoisomerase IV 415 topoisomerases 394 TORCH 625, 965, 1066, 1079 TORCH test 837 total magnification 44 toxemia 631, 1042 toxic shock syndrome 101, 162, 717 toxic shock syndrome (TSS) 745, 1044 toxic shock syndrome toxin 639 toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) 744, 1087 toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 862 toxicity 563, 564 toxicogenomics 494 Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 633, 994, 1003, 1006 toxins 997, 1007 Toxocara canis 193 toxocariasis 192, 193 toxoid vaccines 755 Toxoplasma gondii 188, 584, 1078, 1128 toxoplasmosis 188, 192, 584, 584, 1072, 1078 trace element 258 trachea 897 trachoma 140, 874, 875, 952 transcription 375, 385, 390, 395, 408, 419 transcription bubble 419 transcription factors 448 transcriptomics 494 transduction 441, 468, 472 transendothelial migration 708 transfection 476 transfer RNA (tRNA) 390 transferrin 695 transferrin-binding protein (Tbp) 1103 transformation 441, 441, 468, 471 transfusion 829 transgenic 468 transgenic plants 476 transglutinaminase 784 transglycosylation 569 transient microbiota 136 transition reaction 298 translation 375, 389, 390, 390, 395, 408, 422, 423 translocation 572 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) 1120 transmissible spongiform encephalopathy 249 transmission 665 transmission electron microscope (TEM) 52 transmittance 36 transparency 36 transpeptidase 568, 568, 569 transpeptidation 569 transplantation 791 transport vesicles 112 transposase 445 transposition 445 transposons 372, 387, 445, 591 traveler’s diarrhea 998 trematodes 194, 1021, 1084 trench fever 1061 trench mouth 989 Treponema 151, 153 Treponema pallidum 46, 67, 138, 399, 814, 959 Treponemal serologic tests 960 triacylglycerol 268 triatomine bug 1081 triazole 580 tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) 299 trichenellosis 1025 trichiasis 875 Trichinella 1025 Trichinella spiralis 193 trichinosis 193, 645, 1025 trichloroethylene (TCE) 320 Trichomonas vaginalis 119, 190, 192, 479, 584, 971 trichomoniasis 190, 192, 971 Trichophyton 204, 580, 882 Trichophyton rubrum 209, 215 trichuriasis 1024 Trichuris trichiura 1024 triclabendazole 1028 triclocarban 536 triclosan 530 triglyceride 268, 269 triglycerides 309 trimethoprim 564, 577, 583, 593, 949, 1002 trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole 862, 935, 999, 1006, 1051 tripeptide 273 tRNA 424 trophozoite 179 tropism 641 trp operon 449, 453 Trypanosoma 190 Trypanosoma brucei 191, 584, 644, 1127 Trypanosoma cruzi 1081 trypanosomes 585 tryptic soy broth (TSB) 358 tsetse fly 1127 TSH-receptor antibody 784 tubercle 715 tubercles 912 tuberculin 777 Tuberculoid (paucibacillary) Hansen’s disease 1109 tuberculosis 63, 138, 157, 565, 576, 577, 579, 596, 639, 666, 672, 673, 674, 714, 779, 911, 1072 tuberculosis vaccine 1109 tularemia 1049 tumbles 102 tumor 797 tumor antigen 797 tumor necrosis factor 631, 767 tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids 477 tumor-specific antigens 798 turbidity 340 turducken 663 two-dimensional PAGE 486 two-photon microscope 51 Twort 222 tympanic membrane 896 type 1 diabetes mellitus 785 type 1 fimbrial adhesin 630 type I hypersensitivity 766 type II hypersensitivities 770 type III hypersensitivity 775, 788 type III secretion effectors 952 type IV hypersensitivities 777 type IV pili 1101 Typhi 996, 997 typhoid fever 145, 572, 622, 664, 824, 997 Typhoid Mary 664, 998 typhus 667 tyrosine kinase 794 U ulcer 857, 985 ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization 518 ultra-low freezer 519
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
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D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
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E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
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E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198:
E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200:
E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
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E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
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E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
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E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
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E • Glossary 1193 image point is
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E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212: E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238: Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246: Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248: Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252: Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1265: Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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