Microbiology, 2021

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1236 Index leukotrienes 698, 767 levofloxacin 576, 958, 1054, 1103 lice 667 lichen 213 life cycle 1078 ligation 469 light chains 729, 747 light microscopes 43 light-dependent reaction 310 light-harvesting complex 311 light-independent reaction 310, 315 Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test 634 lincomycin 572 lincosamides 572, 592 linezolid 572, 595, 862 linked recognition 748 Linn 469 Linnaean taxonomy 17 Linnaeus 17 lipases 309 lipid 267 lipid A 634 lipid-bilayer 269 lipids 263 lipoglycans 971 lipooligosaccharide 957, 961 lipooligosaccharide (LOS) endotoxin 1101 lipopeptides 710 lipopolysaccharide 988, 999 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 98, 633, 710, 716 lipoprotein 274 liposome 269 lipoteichoic acids 988 Lippershey 42 liquid nitrogen 519 Lister 83, 529, 546, 660 Listeria monocytogenes 138, 349, 613, 625, 627, 630, 1100, 1107 listeriolysin O 1108 listeriosis 138, 353, 1107 lithotroph 289 live attenuated vaccine 923 Live attenuated vaccines 755 liver 983, 1039 liver cancer 644 liver flukes 194, 586, 1028 Loa loa 888 local infection 627 lockjaw 1105 logarithmic (log) growth phase 333 loiasis 888 lophotrichous 101 LOS 1103 Louis Pasteur 754 low G+C gram-positive bacteria 138, 157, 159, 160 LPS 639, 1050 LUCA 166 lucanthone 586 lumbar puncture 1098, 1100 lumefantrine 1077 lumen 112 lupus 792 Lyme disease 151, 487, 496, 640, 667, 833, 1058, 1059, 1062 lymph 1040 lymph nodes 738, 1041, 1052 lymphadenitis 1043 lymphangitis 1043 lymphatic filariasis 715 lymphatic system 738, 1039 lymphoblasts 737 lymphocytes 769 lymphocytosis 786 lymphogranuloma venereum 140, 958 lymphopenia 795 lyophilization 522 lysis 230 lysogen 230 lysogenic conversion 230 lysogenic cycle 230 lysogeny 230 lysosomes 113 lysozyme 692, 711, 854, 859, 983 Lytic animal viruses 232 lytic cycle 229 M M protein 101, 639, 816, 823, 866, 1045 MacConkey agar 358 MacLeod 377, 441 macrolide antibiotics 1061 macrolides 580, 592, 908, 908, 989 macromolecule 262 macronucleus 188 macronutrient 258 macrophage 899 macrophages 693, 705, 707, 709, 732, 733, 734, 739, 742, 793 macules 857, 879 mad cow disease 250, 1121 magnetosomes 91 Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum 91 magnetotaxis 102 Magnification 40 major basic protein (MBP) 704 major histocompatibility complex 734 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 705, 734 major histocompatibility complex markers 791 malachite green 60, 64 malaise 999 malaria 177, 584, 584, 644, 654, 667, 673, 674, 1065, 1076 Malarone 584 Malassezia 580, 691, 855 MALDI-TOF 279, 1051 malignant 797 Mallon 998 malnutrition 793, 795 maltose 265 mannitol salt agar 360 mannitol salt agar (MSA) 862 mannose-binding lectin 695, 698 Mantoux skin test 777 Mantoux tuberculin skin test 914 Margulis 81, 117 Mary Mallon 664 mast cells 698, 704, 730, 767, 769 Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1237 maturation 230 mature naïve T cells 738 mature transcript 421 maximum growth pH 351 maximum growth temperature 353 maximum permissive oxygen concentration 347 McCarty 377, 441 McClintock 372, 372, 387, 445 measles 614, 617, 656, 725, 753, 924, 1113 mebendazole 586, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1025, 1027 mechanical defenses 689 Mechanical transmission 667 mechanical vector 221, 667 median infectious dose (ID50) 621 median lethal dose (LD50) 621 medulla 214 mefloquine 585 Megasphaera 946 meiosis 109, 370, 372, 440 melanoma 798 melarsoprol 1128 membrane attack complex (MAC) 696, 733, 772 membrane envelope 641 membrane filtration 526 membrane filtration technique 339 membrane fusion 232 membrane ruffling 627 membrane-bound ribosomes 111 membrane-disrupting toxin 638 memory 726 memory B cells 748, 748, 750 memory cell production 750 memory cells 743 memory cytotoxic T cells 742 memory helper T cells 742 Mendel 371, 372 meninges 1094 meningitis 144, 308, 487, 572, 588, 617, 641, 756, 931, 936, 957, 992, 1098, 1099, 1124 meningitis belt 320, 1100, 1101 Meningitis due to H. influenzae serotype b 1103 meningococcal meningitis 758, 758, 1100 meningoencephalitis 1082, 1098 menopause 947 mepacrine 585 mercuric chloride 532 mercurochrome 532 mercury 532 Mereschkowski 80 meropenem 569 MERS 924 merthiolate 532 Meselson 411 mesophile 353 mesophiles 167 messenger RNA 408 messenger RNA (mRNA) 390 metabolic pathway 288 metabolism 288, 296 metachromatic granules 90 metagenomic analysis 138 metagenomics 494 metatranscriptomics 494 Methanobrevibacter 988 methanogen 169, 316 methanogenesis 168, 316 methanotroph 316 methicillin 593 methicillin-resistant S. aureus 162 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 594 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 569 methotrexate 1065 methylene blue 60 Methylocystis 141 Methylomonas 146 metronidazole 576, 579, 584, 955, 972, 1004, 1018, 1019 MHC 734 MHC I 734, 736, 739, 743, 747, 791 MHC II 734, 739, 741, 744, 747, 748, 791 miasma hypothesis 12, 657 miasma theory 82 micelle 269 miconazole 580, 883, 885, 970 microaerophile 346 microarray 494 microarray analysis 484 microbe 11 microbial death curve 514 microbial ecology 134 <strong>Microbiology</strong> 28 microbiome 136 microbiota 562, 899, 946, 971, 1096, 1102, 1104 microcephaly 1116 Micrococcus 159 Micrococcus luteus 346 microcystins 356 Microcystis 156, 156 microfilaments 114 Micrographia 41 microinjection 476 micronucleus 188 micronutrient 258 microorganism 11 Microsporidia 207 microsporidiosis 207 Microsporum 204, 580, 882 microtiter plate 823 microtubules 114, 181 microvilli 983, 999 middle ear 903 Miescher 370 Mietzsch 560 miliary tuberculosis 912 Miller 258 miltefosine 1084, 1126, 1127 minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) 598 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 598 minimum growth pH 351 minimum growth temperature 353 minimum permissive oxygen concentration 347 minocycline 862 mismatch repair 436
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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Page 957 and 958:
CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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Page 1123 and 1124:
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Page 1127 and 1128:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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Page 1159 and 1160:
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Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
Page 1175 and 1176:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
Page 1179 and 1180:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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Page 1189 and 1190:
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E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
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E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196:
E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198:
E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200: E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202: E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204: E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206: E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208: E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210: E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212: E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238: Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246: Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248: Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264: Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265: Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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