Microbiology, 2021

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1232 Index gums 982, 985 H H. influenzae 907 H1N1 influenza 224 H2N2 224 HA-MRSA 861 HACEK bacilli 1047 Haeckel 17 Haemagogus 1067 Haemophilus 136, 144, 860, 899 Haemophilus ducreyi 961 Haemophilus influenzae 628, 794, 873, 904, 908, 1099 hair follicles 854, 856, 857, 869 half-life 563 Halobacteria 169, 358 Halobacterium 357 Halobacterium salinarum 169 Haloferax volcanii 169 halogens 533 Halomonas 357 halophiles 357 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 91 halotolerant 357 Hämmerling 211, 372 hand sanitizer 535 handwashing 512, 537 Hansen’s disease 157, 332, 577, 1109 hantavirus 666, 1070 hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 1070 haploid 395 haptens 728 hard chancre 959 Hashimoto thyroiditis 784 Hata 559 HAV 1013, 1014 hay fever 769 HBV 1013, 1014 HCV 1013, 1014 HDV 1013, 1015 healthcare-associated infections (HAI) 672 heart 1038 heart valves 1047, 1047 heartworm 193 heat fixing 59 heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) 389, 398 heat-stabile enterotoxin (ST) 389, 398 heavy chains 729, 746 heavy metals 532 HeLa cell line 242, 243 helical 225 helical virus 225 helicase 413, 416 Helicobacter 148, 149 Helicobacter pylori 149, 352, 395, 479, 617, 1002 helminth 27, 1023 helminth infections 769 helper T cells 739, 739, 748 helper viruses 249 hemagglutination 825, 830 hemagglutination assay 245 hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays 245 hemagglutinin 641, 642, 827 hemagglutinin protein 921 hematopoiesis 701 hematopoietic stem cell 726, 792 hematopoietic stem cells 737, 746 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 701 hematuria 948, 950 hemiparesis 1104 hemocytometer 335 hemoglobin-binding protein (Hgp) 1103 hemolysin 638, 1001 hemolysins 862, 1087 hemolysis 772 hemolytic disease of the newborn 826 hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) 770, 773 hemolytic reaction 773 hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) 770, 772 hemolytic transfusion reactions 825 hemolytic uremic syndrome 445 hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) 995 Hemophilus 146 hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 1070 hemovigilance systems 772 hepatitis 775, 795, 986, 1013, 1016 hepatitis A, 751 hepatitis B 751, 798 Hepatitis B virus 617, 664 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 249 hepatitis C 587, 588, 806 Hepatitis C virus 236 hepatitis delta virus (HDV) 249 hepatitisviruses 1013 hepatocytes 1013 hepatotoxicity 576, 577, 579, 580, 581 herbalists 558 Herceptin 809 herd immunity 752, 753 hereditary angioedema 717 heredity 369, 370, 372, 377 herpes 617, 1113 herpes gladiatorum 878 herpes keratitis 880 herpes simplex virus 236, 479, 613, 664 herpes simplex virus (HSV) 878 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) 990 herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) 964 herpes virus 587 Herpesvirus 798, 927 herpesviruses 398 herpetic gingivostomatitis 991 herpetic keratitis 880 herpetic whitlow 878 Hershey and Chase 379, 380 heterocysts 155 heterolactic fermentation 305 heterotroph 289, 316 HEV 1013, 1015 hexachlorophene 530 hexose monophosphate Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 Hib polysaccharide conjugate vaccine 1104 Hib vaccine 1103, 1103 high G+C gram-positive bacteria 138, 157 high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter 525 high-energy phosphate bond 291 high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 280 high-pressure processing 520 high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) 781 high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization 518 high-throughput screening methods 601 Hippocrates 13 histamine 698, 704, 704, 767 histidine 371 histone 416, 455 histone-like proteins 395 histones 394, 413 Histoplasma capsulatum 204, 931 histoplasmosis 581, 931 HIV 236, 509, 583, 588, 596, 628, 641, 653, 656, 664, 795, 833, 844, 1045, 1065, 1074 HIV infection 795 HIV/AIDS 654, 673 Hodgkin 560 holdfast 152 holoenzyme 293 holozoic 181 homolactic fermentation 305, 306 Hooke 41, 78 Hooke’s law of elasticity 56 hookworm 193, 199 hookworm infection 1022 hookworms 1021 hopanoids 271 horizontal direct contact transmission 665 horizontal gene transfer 468, 591, 595, 998 horizontal gene transfer (HGT) 396, 440 hospital-acquired MRSA 861 host range 221 hot tub rash 281, 867 hot-tub lung 779 housekeeping genes 393 HPV 753 HSV-1 and HSV-2 878 Human African trypanosomiasis 1127 human genome 416 human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) 1055 human growth hormone 497 human herpesvirus 879 human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) 1065 human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) 1066 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1071 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes 734 human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) 791 human microbiome 136 Human Microbiome Project 138 human papillomavirus (HPV) 798, 877, 966 human rabies immune globulin 1117 human Rho(D) immune globulin 774 humanized monoclonal antibodies 809 humoral immunity 726 HUS 1002 hyaluronidase 632, 866, 902 hybridization 469, 485 hybridoma 807 hycanthone 586 hydatid disease 1027 hydrocarbon chain 267 hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria 359 hydrogen bonds 274 hydrogen peroxide 348, 512, 541 hydrogenosomes 119, 181 hydrolases 969 hydrophilic 269 hydrophobic 267, 270, 271 hydroxychloroquine 916 hydroxyl group 271 hygiene hypothesis 770 hyperbaric oxygen therapy 520, 1046, 1049 hyperglycemia 785 hyperkalemia 786 hyperpigmentation 786 hypersaline 357 hypersensitivity 766 hypersensitivity pneumonitis 781, 783 hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) 779 hyperthermophiles 166, 354 hyperthyroidism 784 hypertonic medium 88 hyphae 200 Hyphomicrobium 141 hypodermis 854 hypoglycemia 786 hyponatremia 786 hyposensitization 782 hypotension 767, 786, 1057, 1104 hypothalamus 716 hypothesis of causation 662 hypothyroidism 784 hypotonic medium 88 I iatrogenic botulism 1106 iatrogenic disease 614 iChip 601 icosahedral 225 ID50 621 ifosfamide 1065 IgA 730, 749, 985 IgA protease 1101 IgA1 protease 1103 IgD 730, 735, 746 IgE 730, 749, 767 IgG 730, 749, 751, 805, 812, 824, 825
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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Page 1159 and 1160:
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Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
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D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
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E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196: E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198: E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200: E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202: E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204: E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206: E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208: E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210: E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212: E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238: Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245: Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1249 and 1250: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252: Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264: Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265: Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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Microbiology, 2021

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