Microbiology, 2021

More documents

Recommendations

Info

602 14 • Antimicrobial Drugs function could be a very important avenue. Although this strategy would not be directly antibacterial, drugs that slow the progression of an infection could provide an advantage for the immune system and could be used successfully in combination with antimicrobial drugs. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING • What are new sources and strategies for developing drugs to fight infectious diseases? Eye on Ethics The (Free?) Market for New Antimicrobials There used to be plenty of antimicrobial drugs on the market to treat infectious diseases. However, the spread of antimicrobial resistance has created a need for new antibiotics to replace those that are no longer as effective as they once were. Unfortunately, pharmaceutical companies are not particularly motivated to fill this need. As of 2009, all but five pharmaceutical companies had moved away from antimicrobial drug development. 26 As a result, the number of FDA approvals of new antimicrobials has fallen drastically in recent decades (Figure 14.22). Given that demand usually encourages supply, one might expect pharmaceutical companies to be rushing to get back in the business of developing new antibiotics. But developing new drugs is a lengthy process and requires large investments in research and development. Pharmaceutical companies can typically get a higher return on their investment by developing products for chronic, nonmicrobial diseases like diabetes; such drugs must be taken for life, and therefore generate more long-term revenue than an antibiotic that does its job in a week or two. But what will happen when drugs like vancomycin, a superantimicrobial reserved for use as a last resort, begin to lose their effectiveness against ever more drug-resistant superbugs? Will drug companies wait until all antibiotics have become useless before beginning to look for new ones? Recently, it has been suggested that large pharmaceutical companies should be given financial incentives to pursue such research. In September 2014, the White House released an executive order entitled “Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria,” calling upon various government agencies and the private sector to work together to “accelerate basic and applied research and development for new antimicrobials, other therapeutics, and vaccines.” 27 As a result, as of March 2015, President Obama’s proposed fiscal year 2016 budget doubled the amount of federal funding to $1.2 billion for “combating and preventing antibiotic resistance,” which includes money for antimicrobial research and development. 28 Similar suggestions have also been made on a global scale. In December 2014, a report chaired by former Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill was published in The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 29 These developments reflect the growing belief that for-profit pharmaceutical companies must be subsidized to encourage development of new antimicrobials. But some ask whether pharmaceutical development should be motivated by profit at all. Given that millions of lives may hang in the balance, some might argue that drug companies have an ethical obligation to devote their research and development efforts to high-utility drugs, as opposed to highly profitable ones. Yet this obligation conflicts with the fundamental goals of a for-profit company. Are government subsidies enough to ensure that drug companies make the public interest a priority, or should government agencies assume responsibility for 26 H.W. Boucher et al. “Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 48 no. 1 (2009):1–12. 27 The White House. National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Washington, DC: The White House, 2015. 28 White House Office of the Press Secretary. “Fact Sheet: Obama Administration Releases National Action Plan to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.” March 27, 2015. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/27/fact-sheet-obamaadministration-releases-national-action-plan-combat-ant 29 Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. http://amr-review.org. Accessed June 1, 2016. Access for free at openstax.org.
14.7 • Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery 603 developing critical drugs that may have little or no return on investment? Figure 14.22 In recent decades, approvals of new antimicrobials by the FDA have steadily fallen. In the five-year period from 1983–1987, 16 new antimicrobial drugs were approved, compared to just two from 2008–2012. LINK TO LEARNING To further examine the scope of the problem, view this (https://openstax.org/l/22PBSDecAntimic) video. To learn more (https://openstax.org/l/22MSUAntResLeaH) about the history of antimicrobial drug discovery, visit Michigan State University’s Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Site.
Page 3 and 4:
Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
Page 5 and 6:
OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
Page 9 and 10:
9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
Page 11 and 12:
18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
Page 13 and 14:
Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
Page 15 and 16:
Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
Page 17 and 18:
Preface 3 that often confer critica
Page 19 and 20:
Preface 5 further. Our features inc
Page 21 and 22:
Preface 7 and science, and pursues
Page 23 and 24:
CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
Page 25 and 26:
1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
Page 33 and 34:
1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
Page 35 and 36:
1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
Page 37 and 38:
1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
Page 47 and 48:
1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
Page 51 and 52:
2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
Page 53 and 54:
2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
Page 55 and 56:
2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
Page 57 and 58:
2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
Page 89 and 90:
3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
Page 91 and 92:
3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
Page 141 and 142:
3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
Page 143 and 144:
3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
Page 145 and 146:
CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
Page 147 and 148:
4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
Page 155 and 156:
4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
Page 157 and 158:
4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
Page 159 and 160:
4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
Page 161 and 162:
4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
Page 163 and 164:
4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
Page 183 and 184:
4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
Page 185 and 186:
4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
Page 187 and 188:
4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
Page 189 and 190:
4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
Page 193 and 194:
5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
Page 209 and 210:
5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
Page 211 and 212:
5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
Page 213 and 214:
5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
Page 215 and 216:
5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
Page 217 and 218:
5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
Page 219 and 220:
5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
Page 221 and 222:
5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
Page 223 and 224:
5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
Page 225 and 226:
5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
Page 227 and 228:
5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
Page 229 and 230:
5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
Page 231 and 232:
5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
Page 233 and 234:
CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
Page 235 and 236:
6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
Page 237 and 238:
6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
Page 239 and 240:
6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
Page 241 and 242:
6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
Page 243 and 244:
6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
Page 245 and 246:
6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
Page 253 and 254:
6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
Page 255 and 256:
6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
Page 265 and 266:
6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
Page 267 and 268:
6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
Page 269 and 270:
6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
Page 271 and 272:
CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
Page 273 and 274:
7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
Page 275 and 276:
7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
Page 277 and 278:
7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
Page 279 and 280:
7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
Page 281 and 282:
7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
Page 283 and 284:
7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
Page 285 and 286:
7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
Page 287 and 288:
7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
Page 289 and 290:
7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
Page 291 and 292:
7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
Page 293 and 294:
7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
Page 295 and 296:
7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
Page 297 and 298:
7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
Page 299 and 300:
7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
Page 301 and 302:
CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
Page 303 and 304:
8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
Page 317 and 318:
8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
Page 319 and 320:
8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
Page 321 and 322:
8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
Page 323 and 324:
8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
Page 325 and 326:
8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
Page 327 and 328:
8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
Page 329 and 330:
8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
Page 331 and 332:
8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
Page 333 and 334:
8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
Page 335 and 336:
8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
Page 337 and 338:
8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
Page 339 and 340:
8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
Page 341 and 342:
8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
Page 343 and 344:
CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
Page 345 and 346:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
Page 347 and 348:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
Page 349 and 350:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
Page 351 and 352:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
Page 353 and 354:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
Page 355 and 356:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
Page 357 and 358:
9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
Page 359 and 360:
9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
Page 367 and 368:
9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
Page 369 and 370:
9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
Page 371 and 372:
9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
Page 373 and 374:
9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
Page 375 and 376:
9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
Page 377 and 378:
9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
Page 379 and 380:
9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
Page 381 and 382:
9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
Page 383 and 384:
CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
Page 385 and 386:
10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
10.2 • Structure and Function of
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
Page 417 and 418:
10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
Page 419 and 420:
10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
Page 421 and 422:
CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
Page 423 and 424:
11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
Page 425 and 426:
11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
Page 427 and 428:
11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
Page 429 and 430:
11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
Page 431 and 432:
11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
Page 433 and 434:
11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
Page 435 and 436:
11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
Page 437 and 438:
11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
Page 445 and 446:
11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
Page 447 and 448:
11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
Page 449 and 450:
11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
Page 473 and 474:
11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
Page 475 and 476:
11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
Page 477 and 478:
11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
Page 479 and 480:
71. The following figure is from Mo
Page 481 and 482:
CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
Page 483 and 484:
12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
Page 511 and 512:
12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
Page 513 and 514:
12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
Page 515 and 516:
12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
Page 517 and 518:
12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
Page 519 and 520:
12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
Page 521 and 522:
CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
Page 523 and 524:
13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
Page 563 and 564:
13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
Page 565 and 566: 13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
Page 567 and 568: 13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
Page 569 and 570: 13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
Page 571 and 572: CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
Page 573 and 574: 14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
Page 575 and 576: 14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
Page 577 and 578: 14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
Page 579 and 580: 14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
Page 581 and 582: 14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
Page 595 and 596: 14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
Page 605 and 606: 14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
Page 607 and 608: 14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
Page 609 and 610: 14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
Page 615: 14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
Page 619 and 620: 14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
Page 621 and 622: 14 • Review Questions 607 11. Whi
Page 623 and 624: 14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
Page 625 and 626: CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
Page 627 and 628: 15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
Page 633 and 634: 15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
Page 643 and 644: 15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
Page 657 and 658: 15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
Page 659 and 660: 15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
Page 661 and 662: 15 • Review Questions 647 protect
Page 663 and 664: 15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
Page 665 and 666: CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
Page 667 and 668:
16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
Page 669 and 670:
16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
Page 671 and 672:
16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
Page 687 and 688:
16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
Page 689 and 690:
16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
Page 691 and 692:
16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
Page 693 and 694:
16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
Page 695 and 696:
16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
Page 697 and 698:
CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
Page 699 and 700:
17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
Page 701 and 702:
17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
Page 703 and 704:
17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
Page 705 and 706:
17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
Page 707 and 708:
17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
Page 709 and 710:
17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
Page 711 and 712:
17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
Page 713 and 714:
17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
Page 715 and 716:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
Page 717 and 718:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
Page 719 and 720:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
Page 721 and 722:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
Page 723 and 724:
17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
Page 725 and 726:
17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
Page 727 and 728:
17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
Page 729 and 730:
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
Page 735 and 736:
17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
Page 737 and 738:
17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
Page 739 and 740:
CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
Page 741 and 742:
18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
Page 747 and 748:
Page 749 and 750:
18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
Page 751 and 752:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Page 761 and 762:
18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
Page 763 and 764:
18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
Page 765 and 766:
18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
Page 767 and 768:
18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
Page 769 and 770:
18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
Page 771 and 772:
18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
Page 773 and 774:
18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
Page 775 and 776:
18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
Page 777 and 778:
18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
Page 779 and 780:
CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
Page 781 and 782:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
Page 783 and 784:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
Page 785 and 786:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
Page 791 and 792:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
Page 793 and 794:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
Page 795 and 796:
Page 797 and 798:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
Page 799 and 800:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
Page 801 and 802:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
Page 803 and 804:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
Page 805 and 806:
19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
Page 807 and 808:
19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
Page 809 and 810:
19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
Page 811 and 812:
19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
Page 813 and 814:
19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
Page 815 and 816:
19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
Page 817 and 818:
CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
Page 819 and 820:
20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
Page 821 and 822:
Page 823 and 824:
Page 825 and 826:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
Page 827 and 828:
Page 829 and 830:
Page 831 and 832:
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
Page 839 and 840:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
Page 841 and 842:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
Page 843 and 844:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
Page 845 and 846:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
Page 847 and 848:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
Page 849 and 850:
Page 851 and 852:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
Page 853 and 854:
Page 855 and 856:
20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
Page 857 and 858:
Page 859 and 860:
Page 861 and 862:
Page 863 and 864:
20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
Page 865 and 866:
20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
Page 867 and 868:
CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
Page 869 and 870:
21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
Page 871 and 872:
Page 873 and 874:
Page 875 and 876:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
Page 877 and 878:
Page 879 and 880:
Page 881 and 882:
Page 883 and 884:
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Page 891 and 892:
21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
Page 893 and 894:
21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
Page 895 and 896:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
Page 897 and 898:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
Page 899 and 900:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
Page 901 and 902:
21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
Page 903 and 904:
21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
Page 905 and 906:
21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
Page 907 and 908:
Page 909 and 910:
CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
Page 911 and 912:
Page 913 and 914:
Page 915 and 916:
Page 917 and 918:
Page 919 and 920:
Page 921 and 922:
Page 923 and 924:
Page 925 and 926:
Page 927 and 928:
Page 929 and 930:
Page 931 and 932:
Page 933 and 934:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
Page 941 and 942:
Page 943 and 944:
Page 945 and 946:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
Page 947 and 948:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
Page 949 and 950:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
Page 951 and 952:
Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
Page 953 and 954:
22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
Page 979 and 980:
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
Page 985 and 986:
23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
Page 987 and 988:
Page 989 and 990:
23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
Page 991 and 992:
Page 993 and 994:
CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
Page 995 and 996:
Page 997 and 998:
Page 999 and 1000:
Page 1001 and 1002:
24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
Page 1003 and 1004:
Page 1005 and 1006:
Page 1007 and 1008:
Page 1009 and 1010:
Page 1011 and 1012:
Page 1013 and 1014:
Page 1015 and 1016:
Page 1017 and 1018:
Page 1019 and 1020:
Page 1021 and 1022:
Page 1023 and 1024:
Page 1025 and 1026:
24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
Page 1031 and 1032:
Page 1033 and 1034:
Page 1035 and 1036:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
Page 1037 and 1038:
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
Page 1043 and 1044:
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
Page 1049 and 1050:
Page 1051 and 1052:
CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
Page 1053 and 1054:
25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
Page 1055 and 1056:
25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
Page 1069 and 1070:
Page 1071 and 1072:
Page 1073 and 1074:
Page 1075 and 1076:
Page 1077 and 1078:
Page 1079 and 1080:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
Page 1081 and 1082:
Page 1083 and 1084:
Page 1085 and 1086:
Page 1087 and 1088:
Page 1089 and 1090:
Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
Page 1091 and 1092:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
Page 1093 and 1094:
Page 1095 and 1096:
Page 1097 and 1098:
Page 1099 and 1100:
Page 1101 and 1102:
Page 1103 and 1104:
25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
Page 1105 and 1106:
25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
Page 1107 and 1108:
CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
Page 1109 and 1110:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
Page 1115 and 1116:
Page 1117 and 1118:
Page 1119 and 1120:
Page 1121 and 1122:
Page 1123 and 1124:
Page 1125 and 1126:
Page 1127 and 1128:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
Page 1129 and 1130:
Page 1131 and 1132:
Page 1133 and 1134:
Page 1135 and 1136:
Page 1137 and 1138:
Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
Page 1139 and 1140:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
Page 1141 and 1142:
Page 1143 and 1144:
Page 1145 and 1146:
Page 1147 and 1148:
26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
Page 1149 and 1150:
26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
Page 1151 and 1152:
26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
Page 1153 and 1154:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
Page 1155 and 1156:
Page 1157 and 1158:
Page 1159 and 1160:
Page 1161 and 1162:
Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
Page 1165 and 1166:
B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
Page 1167 and 1168:
B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
Page 1169 and 1170:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
Page 1171 and 1172:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
Page 1173 and 1174:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
Page 1175 and 1176:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
Page 1179 and 1180:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
Page 1187 and 1188:
Page 1189 and 1190:
Page 1191 and 1192:
E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
Page 1193 and 1194:
E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
Page 1195 and 1196:
E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
Page 1197 and 1198:
E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200:
E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
Page 1201 and 1202:
E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
Page 1203 and 1204:
E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
Page 1205 and 1206:
E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
Page 1207 and 1208:
E • Glossary 1193 image point is
Page 1209 and 1210:
E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
Page 1211 and 1212:
E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214:
E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216:
E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218:
E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220:
E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222:
E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224:
E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226:
E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228:
E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230:
1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232:
1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234:
Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236:
Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238:
Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240:
Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242:
Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
Page 1265:
Index 1251 water activity 522 water
show all

Microbiology, 2021

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?