Microbiology, 2021

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1250 Index ultramicrotome 67 ultraviolet radiation 436 undulating fever 1127 unfolded proteins 274 unit membranes 269 unsaturated fatty acid 267 uracil 389 Ureaplasma 164 Ureaplasma urealyticum 952 urease 952, 1003, 1004, 1050 ureter 944 urethra 944 urethritis 947, 957 Urey 258 uridine 587 urinalysis 949 urinary bladder 944 urinary meatus 945 urinary system 944 urinary tract infection 513, 577 urinary tract infection (UTI) 628 urinary tract infections 672, 943, 948, 948 urine 692 urine dipstick 949 urogenital system 944 urushiol 728 use-dilution test 547 uterus 945 UV light 523 V V, D, and J segments 747 vaccination 751, 754 vaccine 794 Vaccine schedules 758 Vaccinia virus 495 vacuum filter 526 vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) 1049 vagina 690, 945 vaginal microbiota 955 vaginal pH 946, 955 vaginal swabs 955 vaginitis 947, 955, 971 vaginolysin 955 vaginosis 947 valacyclovir 879, 965, 991 valganciclovir 1067 Valley fever 204, 581 van Helmont 74 van Leeuwenhoek 41 vancomycin 492, 569, 593, 950, 1006, 1044, 1046, 1048 vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) 595 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) 595 vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) 162, 595 variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments 740 variable region 729, 740, 749 variable regions 804, 809 varicella 927 varicella-zoster virus 236, 479, 617, 628, 927 variolation 753 Varro 14 vas deferens 945 vasculitis 1042 vasoconstriction 713, 717 vasodilation 713, 717, 1042, 1043 VDRL test 814, 842 vector 221, 667 vectors 470 vegetative cells 91 vehicle transmission 666 Veillonella 899 vein 1038 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory 960 Vertical direct contact transmission 665 vertical gene transfer 387, 440 vesicle 269, 857 Vi antigen 997 viable 337 viable plate count 337 Vibrio 147, 1001 Vibrio cholerae 144, 301, 351, 388, 398, 613, 637, 1000 Vibrionales 144 vidarabine 587 villi 983, 1011 vincristine 1065 vinegar 512 viral adhesins 641 viral capsid 641 viral conjunctivitis 880 viral envelope 224 viral genomes 398 viral hemagglutination inhibition assay 827 viral meningitis 1113 viral neuraminidase 921 viral pneumonia 923 viral titer 237 viral vectors 478 Virchow 78 viremia 631, 992, 1013, 1042 viricide 514 viridans group streptococci 899 virion 220 Viroids 248 virology 28 viromes 855 virulence 621 virulence factor 441, 629, 1124 virulence factor B 1103 virulence factors 494, 626, 1096, 1101, 1103, 1109 virulence gene 442 Virulent phages 229 Virus 27 viruses 418 virusoid 249, 249 visceral leishmaniasis 1083 visible light 39 vitreous humor 859 VlsE 640 Volutin 90 voriconazole 884, 935, 1127 VTEC 445 vulva 945 W Waksman 561 Walker 546 walking pneumonia 163 Wallin 80 Warthin-Starry silver-precipitate procedure 916 warts 877 Wasserman test 814 Wassermann 814 Access for free at openstax.org.
Index 1251 water activity 522 water activity (aw) 357 water molds 179, 189 water purification 523 waterborne transmission 666 Watson 410 Watson and Crick 384, 385, 385, 387, 467 wavelength 36 waxes 270 Weil’s disease 951 Weiner 773 West African trypanosomiasis 1127 West Nile encephalitis (WNE) 1115 West Nile virus 509, 656, 757 western blot 246, 817, 831 Western equine encephalitis (WEE) 1114 wet mount 59 wheal 857 wheal-flare reaction 781 whipworms 1021 Whittaker 18 whooping cough 142, 725, 753, 914 Widal test 824 wild type 428 Wilkins 384 Winterbottom’s sign 1128 wobble position 423 Woese 20, 139 Wood’s lamp 178, 882 wool sorter’s disease 870 World Health Organization (WHO) 673 World War I 1056 wound botulism 1106 X X-gal 470, 495 X-linked agammaglobulinemia 793 X-linked SCID 794 X-ray diffraction 383, 384, 387 X-rays 434, 523 x-y mechanical stage knobs 44 XDR-TB 596 xenobiotic 319 xenobiotics 144 xenograft 791 Xenopsylla cheopis 1057 Xenopus laevis 469 xylitol 988 xylose-lysine-deoxycholate 360 Y Yarrowia 261 yeast infection 623, 947, 948, 969 yeasts 201 yellow fever 614, 670, 1013, 1037, 1067, 1068 Yellow Fever Initiative 1068 Yersinia 147, 627, 1006 Yersinia pestis 145, 495, 1052 yogurt 305 Z Z ring 330 Z-scheme 313 zanamivir 588, 923 Ziehl-Neelsen technique 62 Zika virus 670, 1099, 1115 zinc chloride 533, 988 zinc oxide 533 ZMapp 238 zone of inhibition 597, 599 zones of inhibition 547 zoonoses 222 zoonosis 614 zoonotic disease 614 zooplankton 179 Zovirax 587 Zygomycota 204 zygospores 204
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10 • Summary 401 SUMMARY 10.1 Usi
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10 • Review Questions 403 3. Whic
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10 • Review Questions 405 Short A
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CHAPTER 11 Mechanisms of Microbial
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11.1 • The Functions of Genetic M
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11.2 • DNA Replication 411 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 413 Figure
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11.2 • DNA Replication 415 strand
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11.2 • DNA Replication 417 telome
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 419 Figu
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11.3 • RNA Transcription 421 the
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11.4 • Protein Synthesis (Transla
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11.5 • Mutations 429 Effects of M
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11.5 • Mutations 431 In recent ye
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11.5 • Mutations 433 Figure 11.20
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11.5 • Mutations 435 formation of
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11.6 • How Asexual Prokaryotes Ac
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Th
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11 • Summary 457 SUMMARY 11.1 The
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11 • Summary 459 undamaged DNA st
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11 • Review Questions 461 11. Whi
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11 • Review Questions 463 46. ___
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71. The following figure is from Mo
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CHAPTER 12 Modern Applications of M
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12.1 • Microbes and the Tools of
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12.2 • Visualizing and Characteri
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.3 • Whole Genome Methods and P
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 499 Figure 12
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
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17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
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17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
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17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
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17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
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CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
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18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
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18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
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18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
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18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
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18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
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18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
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18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
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18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
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18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
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18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
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CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
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19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
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19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
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19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
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19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
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19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
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19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
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19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
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CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
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20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
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20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
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20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
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20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
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20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
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20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
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20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
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CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
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21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
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21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
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21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
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21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
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21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
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21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
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22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
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22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
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Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
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22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
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CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
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23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
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23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
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23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
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CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
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24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
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24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
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24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
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24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
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CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
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25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
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Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
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25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
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25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
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25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
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CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
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26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
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26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
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26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
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Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
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26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
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26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
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26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
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26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
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A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
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B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
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B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
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B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
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C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
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APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
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D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
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E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
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E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
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E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
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E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
Page 1199 and 1200:
E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
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E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
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E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
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E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
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E • Glossary 1193 image point is
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E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
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E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
Page 1213 and 1214: E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
Page 1215 and 1216: E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
Page 1217 and 1218: E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
Page 1219 and 1220: E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
Page 1221 and 1222: E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
Page 1223 and 1224: E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
Page 1225 and 1226: E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
Page 1227 and 1228: E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
Page 1229 and 1230: 1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
Page 1231 and 1232: 1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
Page 1233 and 1234: Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
Page 1235 and 1236: Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
Page 1237 and 1238: Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
Page 1239 and 1240: Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
Page 1241 and 1242: Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
Page 1243 and 1244: Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
Page 1245 and 1246: Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
Page 1247 and 1248: Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
Page 1249 and 1250: Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
Page 1251 and 1252: Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
Page 1253 and 1254: Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
Page 1255 and 1256: Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
Page 1257 and 1258: Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
Page 1259 and 1260: Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
Page 1261 and 1262: Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
Page 1263: Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
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Microbiology, 2021

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