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Microbiology, 2021
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11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Theory 451<br />
cAMP complex to activate transcription of these operons. See Table 11.6 for a summary of the regulation of the<br />
lac operon.<br />
Figure 11.35<br />
When grown in the presence of two substrates, E. coli uses the preferred substrate (in this case glucose) until it is depleted.<br />
Then, enzymes needed for the metabolism of the second substrate are expressed and growth resumes, although at a slower rate.<br />
Figure 11.36<br />
When ATP levels decrease due to depletion of glucose, some remaining ATP is converted to cAMP by adenylyl cyclase. Thus,<br />
increased cAMP levels signal glucose depletion.
450 11 • Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics lactose inside the cell is converted to allolactose. Allolactose serves as an inducer molecule, binding to the repressor and changing its shape so that it is no longer able to bind to the operator DNA. Removal of the repressor in the presence of lactose allows RNA polymerase to move through the operator region and begin transcription of the lac structural genes. Figure 11.34 The three structural genes that are needed to degrade lactose in E. coli are located next to each other in the lac operon. When lactose is absent, the repressor protein binds to the operator, physically blocking the RNA polymerase from transcribing the lac structural genes. When lactose is available, a lactose molecule binds the repressor protein, preventing the repressor from binding to the operator sequence, and the genes are transcribed. The lac Operon: Activation by Catabolite Activator Protein Bacteria typically have the ability to use a variety of substrates as carbon sources. However, because glucose is usually preferable to other substrates, bacteria have mechanisms to ensure that alternative substrates are only used when glucose has been depleted. Additionally, bacteria have mechanisms to ensure that the genes encoding enzymes for using alternative substrates are expressed only when the alternative substrate is available. In the 1940s, Jacques Monod was the first to demonstrate the preference for certain substrates over others through his studies of E. coli’s growth when cultured in the presence of two different substrates simultaneously. Such studies generated diauxic growth curves, like the one shown in Figure 11.35. Although the preferred substrate glucose is used first, E. coli grows quickly and the enzymes for lactose metabolism are absent. However, once glucose levels are depleted, growth rates slow, inducing the expression of the enzymes needed for the metabolism of the second substrate, lactose. Notice how the growth rate in lactose is slower, as indicated by the lower steepness of the growth curve. The ability to switch from glucose use to another substrate like lactose is a consequence of the activity of an enzyme called Enzyme IIA (EIIA). When glucose levels drop, cells produce less ATP from catabolism (see Catabolism of Carbohydrates), and EIIA becomes phosphorylated. Phosphorylated EIIA activates adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme that converts some of the remaining ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), a cyclic derivative of AMP and important signaling molecule involved in glucose and energy metabolism in E. coli. As a result, cAMP levels begin to rise in the cell (Figure 11.36). The lac operon also plays a role in this switch from using glucose to using lactose. When glucose is scarce, the accumulating cAMP caused by increased adenylyl cyclase activity binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP), also known as cAMP receptor protein (CRP). The complex binds to the promoter region of the lac operon (Figure 11.37). In the regulatory regions of these operons, a CAP binding site is located upstream of the RNA polymerase binding site in the promoter. Binding of the CAP-cAMP complex to this site increases the binding ability of RNA polymerase to the promoter region to initiate the transcription of the structural genes. Thus, in the case of the lac operon, for transcription to occur, lactose must be present (removing the lac repressor protein) and glucose levels must be depleted (allowing binding of an activating protein). When glucose levels are high, there is catabolite repression of operons encoding enzymes for the metabolism of alternative substrates. Because of low cAMP levels under these conditions, there is an insufficient amount of the CAP- Access for free at openstax.org.
11.7 • Gene Regulation: Operon Theory 451 cAMP complex to activate transcription of these operons. See Table 11.6 for a summary of the regulation of the lac operon. Figure 11.35 When grown in the presence of two substrates, E. coli uses the preferred substrate (in this case glucose) until it is depleted. Then, enzymes needed for the metabolism of the second substrate are expressed and growth resumes, although at a slower rate. Figure 11.36 When ATP levels decrease due to depletion of glucose, some remaining ATP is converted to cAMP by adenylyl cyclase. Thus, increased cAMP levels signal glucose depletion.
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Microbiology SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Contents Preface 1 CHAPTER 1 An Inv
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9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbi
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18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive
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Appendix C Metabolic Pathways 1155
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Microb
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Preface 3 that often confer critica
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Preface 5 further. Our features inc
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Preface 7 and science, and pursues
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CHAPTER 1 An Invisible World Figure
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 11
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 13
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1.1 • What Our Ancestors Knew 15
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 17 Th
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 19 Fi
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1.2 • A Systematic Approach 21 Ta
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 23
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 25
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 27
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1.3 • Types of Microorganisms 29
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1 • Summary 31 SUMMARY 1.1 What O
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1 • Review Questions 33 17. The p
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CHAPTER 2 How We See the Invisible
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 37
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2.1 • The Properties of Light 39
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2.2 • Peering Into the Invisible
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 4
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 5
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 5
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 5
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2.3 • Instruments of Microscopy 5
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2.4 • Staining Microscopic Specim
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2 • Review Questions 71 REVIEW QU
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CHAPTER 3 The Cell Figure 3.1 Micro
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3.1 • Spontaneous Generation 75 F
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.2 • Foundations of Modern Cell
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.3 • Unique Characteristics of P
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3.4 • Unique Characteristics of E
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3 • Summary 125 SUMMARY 3.1 Spont
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3 • Review Questions 127 3. Which
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3 • Review Questions 129 Critical
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CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Fig
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.1 • Prokaryote Habitats, Relati
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 139 for or s
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 141 Class Al
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 143 Class Be
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 145 Figure 4
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4.2 • Proteobacteria 147 Class Ga
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.3 • Nonproteobacteria Gram-Nega
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 157
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 159
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 161
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 163
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4.4 • Gram-Positive Bacteria 165
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4.6 • Archaea 167 The class Therm
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4.6 • Archaea 169 thus is a livin
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4 • Summary 171 SUMMARY 4.1 Proka
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4 • Review Questions 173 REVIEW Q
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4 • Review Questions 175 39. Expl
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CHAPTER 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbi
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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Figure 5.7 5.1 • Unicellular Euka
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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5.1 • Unicellular Eukaryotic Para
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 193 hel
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 195 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 197 Fig
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5.2 • Parasitic Helminths 199 MIC
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5.3 • Fungi 201 Figure 5.25 Multi
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5.3 • Fungi 203 Figure 5.27 zygos
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5.3 • Fungi 205 diploid stages (F
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5.3 • Fungi 207 Figure 5.32 prese
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5.3 • Fungi 209 MICRO CONNECTIONS
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5.4 • Algae 211 and other photosy
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5.5 • Lichens 213 Figure 5.37 Chl
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5.5 • Lichens 215 marina. (b) Thi
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5 • Review Questions 217 REVIEW Q
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CHAPTER 6 Acellular Pathogens Figur
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6.1 • Viruses 221 assembly of vir
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6.1 • Viruses 223 Viral Structure
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6.1 • Viruses 225 Figure 6.5 (a)
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6.1 • Viruses 227 LINK TO LEARNIN
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 229 on
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 231 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 233 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 235 Fi
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 237 by
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6.2 • The Viral Life Cycle 239 Ca
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.3 • Isolation, Culture, and Ide
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6.4 • Viroids, Virusoids, and Pri
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6 • Summary 253 SUMMARY 6.1 Virus
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6 • Review Questions 255 18. A/an
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CHAPTER 7 Microbial Biochemistry Fi
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 259 Figur
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7.1 • Organic Molecules 261 Figur
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 263 and the m
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7.2 • Carbohydrates 265 Figure 7.
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7.3 • Lipids 267 Figure 7.11 Star
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7.3 • Lipids 269 Figure 7.13 This
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7.3 • Lipids 271 Figure 7.15 Five
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7.4 • Proteins 273 Figure 7.17 Am
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7.4 • Proteins 275 Figure 7.19 Re
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7.4 • Proteins 277 Figure 7.23 Pr
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7.5 • Using Biochemistry to Ident
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7 • Review Questions 283 as hormo
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7 • Review Questions 285 19. A tr
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CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism Figu
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.1 • Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.2 • Catabolism of Carbohydrates
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 301 8.
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8.3 • Cellular Respiration 303 Fi
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8.4 • Fermentation 305 If respira
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8.4 • Fermentation 307 Common Fer
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8.5 • Catabolism of Lipids and Pr
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 311 independ
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8.6 • Photosynthesis 313 Oxygenic
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 315 L
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 317 N
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 319 F
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8.7 • Biogeochemical Cycles 321 F
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8 • Summary 323 oxygen as the fin
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8 • Review Questions 325 4. To wh
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8 • Review Questions 327 Matching
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CHAPTER 9 Microbial Growth Figure 9
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 331 and a
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 333 The G
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 335 Susta
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 337 chang
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 339 Figur
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 341 trans
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9.1 • How Microbes Grow 343 micro
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.2 • Oxygen Requirements for Mic
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9.3 • The Effects of pH on Microb
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.4 • Temperature and Microbial G
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9.5 • Other Environmental Conditi
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9.6 • Media Used for Bacterial Gr
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9 • Summary 361 SUMMARY 9.1 How M
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9 • Review Questions 363 7. Filam
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9 • Review Questions 365 Matching
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9 • Review Questions 367 Critical
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CHAPTER 10 Biochemistry of the Geno
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.1 • Using Microbiology to Disc
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10.2 • Structure and Function of
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10.3 • Structure and Function of
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10.3 • Structure and Function of
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10.4 • Structure and Function of
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10.4 • Structure and Function of
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10.4 • Structure and Function of
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12.4 • Gene Therapy 501 overall w
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12 • Summary 503 SUMMARY 12.1 Mic
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12 • Review Questions 505 11. The
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CHAPTER 13 Control of Microbial Gro
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.1 • Controlling Microbial Grow
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.2 • Using Physical Methods to
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.3 • Using Chemicals to Control
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13.4 • Testing the Effectiveness
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13 • Summary 553 commonly used to
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13 • Review Questions 555 12. Ble
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CHAPTER 14 Antimicrobial Drugs Figu
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.1 • History of Chemotherapy an
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.2 • Fundamentals of Antimicrob
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.3 • Mechanisms of Antibacteria
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.4 • Mechanisms of Other Antimi
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 591 Common
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 593 negati
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14.5 • Drug Resistance 595 Clavul
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14.6 • Testing the Effectiveness
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14.6 • Testing the Effectiveness
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14.7 • Current Strategies for Ant
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14 • Summary 605 cells. • Becau
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14 • Review Questions 607 11. Whi
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14 • Review Questions 609 50. Why
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CHAPTER 15 Microbial Mechanisms of
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.1 • Characteristics of Infecti
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.2 • How Pathogens Cause Diseas
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.3 • Virulence Factors of Bacte
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15.4 • Virulence Factors of Eukar
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15 • Review Questions 647 protect
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15 • Review Questions 649 Critica
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CHAPTER 16 Disease and Epidemiology
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.1 • The Language of Epidemiolo
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.2 • Tracking Infectious Diseas
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.3 • Modes of Disease Transmiss
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16.4 • Global Public Health 673 C
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16.4 • Global Public Health 675 S
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16 • Summary 677 SUMMARY 16.1 The
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16 • Review Questions 679 Matchin
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16 • Review Questions 681 20. Wha
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CHAPTER 17 Innate Nonspecific Host
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 685 Over
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 687 know
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17.1 • Physical Defenses 689 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 691 Phys
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 693 sali
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 695 prod
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 697 Figu
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17.2 • Chemical Defenses 699 Clin
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17.3 • Cellular Defenses 701 Hema
- Page 717 and 718:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 703 stra
- Page 719 and 720:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 705 Clin
- Page 721 and 722:
17.3 • Cellular Defenses 707 Figu
- Page 723 and 724:
17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
- Page 725 and 726:
17.4 • Pathogen Recognition and P
- Page 727 and 728:
17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 713
- Page 729 and 730:
17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 715
- Page 731 and 732:
17.5 • Inflammation and Fever 717
- Page 733 and 734:
17 • Summary 719 SUMMARY 17.1 Phy
- Page 735 and 736:
17 • Review Questions 721 8. Hist
- Page 737 and 738:
17 • Review Questions 723 Short A
- Page 739 and 740:
CHAPTER 18 Adaptive Specific Host D
- Page 741 and 742:
18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
- Page 743 and 744:
18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
- Page 745 and 746:
18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
- Page 747 and 748:
18.1 • Overview of Specific Adapt
- Page 749 and 750:
18.2 • Major Histocompatibility C
- Page 751 and 752:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
- Page 753 and 754:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
- Page 755 and 756:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
- Page 757 and 758:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
- Page 759 and 760:
18.3 • T Lymphocytes and Cellular
- Page 761 and 762:
18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
- Page 763 and 764:
18.4 • B Lymphocytes and Humoral
- Page 765 and 766:
18.5 • Vaccines 751 pathogen—bu
- Page 767 and 768:
18.5 • Vaccines 753 Eye on Ethics
- Page 769 and 770:
18.5 • Vaccines 755 for Disease C
- Page 771 and 772:
18.5 • Vaccines 757 Classes of Va
- Page 773 and 774:
18 • Summary 759 SUMMARY 18.1 Ove
- Page 775 and 776:
18 • Review Questions 761 5. MHC
- Page 777 and 778:
18 • Review Questions 763 20. Mat
- Page 779 and 780:
CHAPTER 19 Diseases of the Immune S
- Page 781 and 782:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 767 Fig
- Page 783 and 784:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 769 bin
- Page 785 and 786:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 771 mec
- Page 787 and 788:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 773 Fig
- Page 789 and 790:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 775 CHE
- Page 791 and 792:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 777 Cli
- Page 793 and 794:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 779 MIC
- Page 795 and 796:
19.1 • Hypersensitivities 781 Fig
- Page 797 and 798:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 783 t
- Page 799 and 800:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 785 F
- Page 801 and 802:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 787 M
- Page 803 and 804:
19.2 • Autoimmune Disorders 789 F
- Page 805 and 806:
19.3 • Organ Transplantation and
- Page 807 and 808:
19.4 • Immunodeficiency 793 and m
- Page 809 and 810:
19.4 • Immunodeficiency 795 CHECK
- Page 811 and 812:
19.5 • Cancer Immunobiology and I
- Page 813 and 814:
19 • Summary 799 SUMMARY 19.1 Hyp
- Page 815 and 816:
19 • Review Questions 801 13. All
- Page 817 and 818:
CHAPTER 20 Laboratory Analysis of t
- Page 819 and 820:
20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
- Page 821 and 822:
20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
- Page 823 and 824:
20.1 • Polyclonal and Monoclonal
- Page 825 and 826:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 827 and 828:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 829 and 830:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 831 and 832:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 833 and 834:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 835 and 836:
20.2 • Detecting Antigen-Antibody
- Page 837 and 838:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 823 a
- Page 839 and 840:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 825 F
- Page 841 and 842:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 827 e
- Page 843 and 844:
20.3 • Agglutination Assays 829 s
- Page 845 and 846:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 831 Mechan
- Page 847 and 848:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 833 Figure
- Page 849 and 850:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 835 Figure
- Page 851 and 852:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 837 • Wh
- Page 853 and 854:
20.4 • EIAs and ELISAs 839 Figure
- Page 855 and 856:
20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
- Page 857 and 858:
20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
- Page 859 and 860:
20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
- Page 861 and 862:
20.5 • Fluorescent Antibody Techn
- Page 863 and 864:
20 • Review Questions 849 20.4 EI
- Page 865 and 866:
20 • Review Questions 851 15. Sup
- Page 867 and 868:
CHAPTER 21 Skin and Eye Infections
- Page 869 and 870:
21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 871 and 872:
21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 873 and 874:
21.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 875 and 876:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 877 and 878:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 879 and 880:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 881 and 882:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 883 and 884:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 885 and 886:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 887 and 888:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 889 and 890:
21.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 891 and 892:
21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
- Page 893 and 894:
21.3 • Viral Infections of the Sk
- Page 895 and 896:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 881 se
- Page 897 and 898:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 883 fr
- Page 899 and 900:
21.4 • Mycoses of the Skin 885 Fi
- Page 901 and 902:
21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
- Page 903 and 904:
21.5 • Protozoan and Helminthic I
- Page 905 and 906:
21 • Summary 891 SUMMARY 21.1 Ana
- Page 907 and 908:
21 • Review Questions 893 10. Whi
- Page 909 and 910:
CHAPTER 22 Respiratory System Infec
- Page 911 and 912:
22.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 913 and 914:
22.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 915 and 916:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 917 and 918:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 919 and 920:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 921 and 922:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 923 and 924:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 925 and 926:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 927 and 928:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 929 and 930:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 931 and 932:
22.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 933 and 934:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 935 and 936:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 937 and 938:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 939 and 940:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 941 and 942:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 943 and 944:
22.3 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 945 and 946:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 931 ha
- Page 947 and 948:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 933 Fi
- Page 949 and 950:
22.4 • Respiratory Mycoses 935 re
- Page 951 and 952:
Figure 22.29 22.4 • Respiratory M
- Page 953 and 954:
22 • Review Questions 939 200 vir
- Page 955 and 956:
22 • Review Questions 941 18. Whi
- Page 957 and 958:
CHAPTER 23 Urogenital System Infect
- Page 959 and 960:
23.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 961 and 962:
23.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 963 and 964:
23.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 965 and 966:
23.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 967 and 968:
23.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 969 and 970:
23.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 971 and 972:
23.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 973 and 974:
23.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 975 and 976:
23.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 977 and 978:
23.4 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 979 and 980:
23.4 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 981 and 982:
23.4 • Viral Infections of the Re
- Page 983 and 984:
23.5 • Fungal Infections of the R
- Page 985 and 986:
23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
- Page 987 and 988:
23.6 • Protozoan Infections of th
- Page 989 and 990:
23 • Summary 975 SUMMARY 23.1 Ana
- Page 991 and 992:
23 • Review Questions 977 11. Whi
- Page 993 and 994:
CHAPTER 24 Digestive System Infecti
- Page 995 and 996:
24.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 997 and 998:
24.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 999 and 1000:
24.1 • Anatomy and Normal Microbi
- Page 1001 and 1002:
24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
- Page 1003 and 1004:
24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
- Page 1005 and 1006:
24.2 • Microbial Diseases of the
- Page 1007 and 1008:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1009 and 1010:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1011 and 1012:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1013 and 1014:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1015 and 1016:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1017 and 1018:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1019 and 1020:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1021 and 1022:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1023 and 1024:
24.3 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1025 and 1026:
24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
- Page 1027 and 1028:
24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
- Page 1029 and 1030:
24.4 • Viral Infections of the Ga
- Page 1031 and 1032:
24.5 • Protozoan Infections of th
- Page 1033 and 1034:
24.5 • Protozoan Infections of th
- Page 1035 and 1036:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1037 and 1038:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1039 and 1040:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1041 and 1042:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1043 and 1044:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1045 and 1046:
24.6 • Helminthic Infections of t
- Page 1047 and 1048:
24 • Summary 1033 SUMMARY 24.1 An
- Page 1049 and 1050:
24 • Review Questions 1035 6. Whi
- Page 1051 and 1052:
CHAPTER 25 Circulatory and Lymphati
- Page 1053 and 1054:
25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
- Page 1055 and 1056:
25.1 • Anatomy of the Circulatory
- Page 1057 and 1058:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1059 and 1060:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1061 and 1062:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1063 and 1064:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1065 and 1066:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1067 and 1068:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1069 and 1070:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1071 and 1072:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1073 and 1074:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1075 and 1076:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1077 and 1078:
25.2 • Bacterial Infections of th
- Page 1079 and 1080:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
- Page 1081 and 1082:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
- Page 1083 and 1084:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
- Page 1085 and 1086:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
- Page 1087 and 1088:
25.3 • Viral Infections of the Ci
- Page 1089 and 1090:
Figure 25.26 25.3 • Viral Infecti
- Page 1091 and 1092:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1093 and 1094:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1095 and 1096:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1097 and 1098:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1099 and 1100:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1101 and 1102:
25.4 • Parasitic Infections of th
- Page 1103 and 1104:
25 • Review Questions 1089 • To
- Page 1105 and 1106:
25 • Review Questions 1091 Critic
- Page 1107 and 1108:
CHAPTER 26 Nervous System Infection
- Page 1109 and 1110:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
- Page 1111 and 1112:
26.1 • Anatomy of the Nervous Sys
- Page 1113 and 1114:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1115 and 1116:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1117 and 1118:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1119 and 1120:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1121 and 1122:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1123 and 1124:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1125 and 1126:
26.2 • Bacterial Diseases of the
- Page 1127 and 1128:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
- Page 1129 and 1130:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
- Page 1131 and 1132:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
- Page 1133 and 1134:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
- Page 1135 and 1136:
26.3 • Acellular Diseases of the
- Page 1137 and 1138:
Figure 26.19 26.3 • Acellular Dis
- Page 1139 and 1140:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
- Page 1141 and 1142:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
- Page 1143 and 1144:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
- Page 1145 and 1146:
26.4 • Fungal and Parasitic Disea
- Page 1147 and 1148:
26 • Review Questions 1133 are fa
- Page 1149 and 1150:
26 • Review Questions 1135 Matchi
- Page 1151 and 1152:
26 • Review Questions 1137 59. Th
- Page 1153 and 1154:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
- Page 1155 and 1156:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
- Page 1157 and 1158:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
- Page 1159 and 1160:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
- Page 1161 and 1162:
A • Fundamentals of Physics and C
- Page 1163 and 1164:
B • Mathematical Basics 1149 APPE
- Page 1165 and 1166:
B • Mathematical Basics 1151 Mult
- Page 1167 and 1168:
B • Mathematical Basics 1153 The
- Page 1169 and 1170:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1155 APPEN
- Page 1171 and 1172:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1157 Entne
- Page 1173 and 1174:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1159 Figur
- Page 1175 and 1176:
C • Metabolic Pathways 1161 Elect
- Page 1177 and 1178:
APPENDIX D Taxonomy of Clinically R
- Page 1179 and 1180:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1181 and 1182:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1183 and 1184:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1185 and 1186:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1187 and 1188:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1189 and 1190:
D • Taxonomy of Clinically Releva
- Page 1191 and 1192:
E • Glossary 1177 APPENDIX E Glos
- Page 1193 and 1194:
E • Glossary 1179 destruction by
- Page 1195 and 1196:
E • Glossary 1181 pollutants from
- Page 1197 and 1198:
E • Glossary 1183 chromosome disc
- Page 1199 and 1200:
E • Glossary 1185 cysts are forme
- Page 1201 and 1202:
E • Glossary 1187 occurring ectop
- Page 1203 and 1204:
E • Glossary 1189 molecules of DN
- Page 1205 and 1206:
E • Glossary 1191 glycoprotein co
- Page 1207 and 1208:
E • Glossary 1193 image point is
- Page 1209 and 1210:
E • Glossary 1195 discontinuously
- Page 1211 and 1212:
E • Glossary 1197 infection cause
- Page 1213 and 1214:
E • Glossary 1199 target cells by
- Page 1215 and 1216:
E • Glossary 1201 intact ribosome
- Page 1217 and 1218:
E • Glossary 1203 point source sp
- Page 1219 and 1220:
E • Glossary 1205 complexes forme
- Page 1221 and 1222:
E • Glossary 1207 antibody is fir
- Page 1223 and 1224:
E • Glossary 1209 the number of c
- Page 1225 and 1226:
E • Glossary 1211 the reciprocal
- Page 1227 and 1228:
E • Glossary 1213 vector animal (
- Page 1229 and 1230:
1215 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1 1. D 2. D
- Page 1231 and 1232:
1217 B 18. A, C, B 19. peristalsis
- Page 1233 and 1234:
Index 1219 INDEX Symbols +ssRNA 237
- Page 1235 and 1236:
Index 1221 antigen-presenting cells
- Page 1237 and 1238:
Index 1223 Bordetella 142 Bordetell
- Page 1239 and 1240:
Index 1225 chromosomes 372, 394 chr
- Page 1241 and 1242:
Index 1227 de Duve 113 dead zone 35
- Page 1243 and 1244:
Index 1229 Enteroinvasive E. coli (
- Page 1245 and 1246:
Index 1231 Gardnerella vaginalis 47
- Page 1247 and 1248:
Index 1233 shunt 298 Hfr cell 443 H
- Page 1249 and 1250:
Index 1235 iron lungs 1118 iron-sul
- Page 1251 and 1252:
Index 1237 maturation 230 mature na
- Page 1253 and 1254:
Index 1239 Health 501 National Noti
- Page 1255 and 1256:
Index 1241 patterns (PAMPs) 710 pat
- Page 1257 and 1258:
Index 1243 primary lymphoid tissue
- Page 1259 and 1260:
Index 1245 596, 1048, 1051, 1051 ri
- Page 1261 and 1262:
Index 1247 sterilant 511, 541 steri
- Page 1263 and 1264:
Index 1249 toxigenicity 633 toxin 6
- Page 1265:
Index 1251 water activity 522 water
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