Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

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112 Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005) Robert J. Richards Quite formally he stated the ants were being repatriated. They were German ants! The burgomaster retorted that Wasmann was born in the Tyrol. They were Italian ants. The Dutch, needless to say, did not win the argument. The ants and Wasmann’s book collection were carted off to Berlin. A Time Magazine article of 1944, entitled “The Rape of the Ants,” stood aghast at the perfidy of the SS, who even stooped so low as to steal ants. 79 After the Normandy Invasion, Colonel John Wendell Bailey (1895-1986), head of typhus control in Europe, made his way to Maastricht in fall of 1945 to examine Wasmann’s collection. Bailey was a professor of entomology at the University of Richmond and a former student of Harvard Professor William Morton Wheeler, Wasmann’s old friend. When he got to the museum he learned about the fate of the ants. He decided to chance it and traveled the 600 miles to Berlin and the Zoologisches Museum, which lay in rubble. He did manage to locate Bischoff and with some tactful threats discovered that Wasmann’s ants and books had been stored in the deep vaults of a bank. The bank lay in ruins, but the vaults were still secure. Miraculously the entire collection of ant species and the library had survived. Since the bank was in the Russian sector, Bailey had to negotiate with a Russian general, whom he befriended with many cartons of American cigarettes and several bottles of whiskey. After the proper papers were signed, Bailey and several G.I.s loaded the ants and books—some 160 insect trays, 150 small boxes, 100 bottles of specimens in alcohol, and 50,000 books and reprints—on two trucks and three jeeps and took them to the American sector. Bailey discovered, however, that some of the insects were missing, which he later found in Himmler’s country home in Waischenfeld, just over the Swiss border. Bailey shipped the ants and books back to the Maastricht Natural History Museum, where today they are still used in research. References Anonymous (1893) Der Ausgang des Prozesses Haeckel-Hamann. Listner & Drews, Magdeburg. Anonymous (1907) Pater Wasmanns Berliner Vorträge. Berliner Morgenpost (14 February). Anonymous (1907) Pater Wasmann. Kölnische Volkszeitung (morning edition) no. 149 (20 February), p. 2. Anonymous (1944) The Rape of the Ants. Time 44, no. 21. (20 November). Anonymous (1946) Ants Rescued by Richmonder. Richmond Times-Dispatch. (10 February). Bölsche, W. (1909) Ernst Haeckel: Ein Lebensbild. Georg Bondi, Berlin. Brass, A. (1906) Ernst Haeckel als Biologe und die Wahrheit. Richard Mühlmann’s Verlag, Halle. Brass, A. (1908) Das Affen-Problem: Prof. E. Haeckel's Darstellungs- u. Kampfesweise sachlich dargelegt nebst Bemerkungen über Atmungsorgane u. Körperform d. Wirbeltier-Embryonen. Biologischer Verlag, Leipzig. Craig, G. (1980) Germany, 1866-1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 79“The Rape of the Ants,” Time 44, no. 21 (20 November 1944), science section.
Ernst Haeckel and the Struggles over Evolution and Religion Dennert, E. (1905) Die Wahrheit über Ernst Haeckel und seine “Welträtsel, nach dem Urteil seiner Fachgenossen, 2nd ed. C. Ed. Müller’s Verlagsbuchhandlung, Halle. Dennert, E. (1905). Vom Sterbelager des Darwinismus, neue Folge. Richard Mühlmann's Verlag, Halle. Dennert, E. (1910) Die Naturwissenschaft und der Kampf um die Weltanschauung (Schriften des Keplerbundes, Heft 1). Naturwissenschaftlicher Verlag, Godesberg b. Bonn. Dennert, E. (1911). Bibel und Naturwissenschaft. Richard Mühlmann’s Verlag, Halle. Franz, V. (ed.) (1943-1944) Ernst Haeckel: Sein Leben, Denken und Wirken. 2 vols. Wilhelm Gronau, Jena. Gasman, D. (1971) The Scientific Origins of National Socialism. Science History Publications, New York. Grimaldi, D., and Carpenter, J. (1997) New and Rediscovered Primitive Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Createous Amber from New Jersey, and their Phylogenetic Relationships. American Museum Novitates, no. 3208: 1-43. Gursch, R. (1981) Die Illustrationen Ernst Haeckels zur Abstammungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte. Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. M. Haeckel, E. (1882) Ueber die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Göthe und Lamarck. Tageblatt der 55. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Eisenach, von 18. bis 22. September 1882. Hofbuchdruckerei von H. Kahle, Eisenach, pp. 81-91. Haeckel, E. (1882) Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Haeckel, E. (1892) Der Monismus als Band zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft, Glaubensbekenntniss eines Naturforschers. Emil Strauss, Bonn. Haeckel, E. (1905) Der Kampf um den Entwickelungs-Gedanken: Drei Vorträge gehalten am 14, 16, und 19 April 1905 im Salle der Sing-Akademie an Berlin. Georg Reimer, Berlin. Haeckel, E. (1907). Das Menschen-Problem und die Herrentiere von Linné: Vortrag, gehalten am 17. Juni 1907 in Volkshause zu Jena. Neuer Frankfurter Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. Haeckel, E. (1910). Sandalion: Eine offene Antwort auf die Fälschungs-Anklagen der Jesuiten. Neuer Frankfurther Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. Haeckel, E. (1910) Mein Kirchenaustritt. Das freie Wort 10, pp. 714-17 Hamann, O. (1892) Entwicklungslehre und Darwinismus. Eine kritische Darstellung der modernen Entwicklungslehre. Hermann Constenbole, Jena. His, W. (1880-1885) Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen. 3 vols. with 3 atlases. Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig. Holt, N. (1975) Monists & Nazis: A Question of Scientific Responsibility. Hastings Center Report 5, pp. 37-43. Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005) 113
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