Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

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134 Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005) Nicolas Robin & Frank Hellwig A) Apetalae 92 34. Aristolochiae. 35. Cucurbitaceae, gurkenartige Gewächse. 36. Passifloreae, Passionsblumen. 37. Urticeae, Nesselarten. 38. Monimiae. 39. Amentaceae, Kätzchenbäume. A similar conceptualisation of relationships of families and subfamilies is also revealed in his System der Botanik (1808), for example Apetalae, 19. Cucurbitaceae (Passifloreae, Asaroideae). We may consider that this arrangement of plant groupings expresses an idea of affinity between families. In his Übersicht der Naturgeschichte (1819) 93 Fr. S. Voigt attempted to make the natural method easy to learn. He listed 33 natural groupings of local plants94 (see figure 4), which was done in a similar way by A. J. G. K. Batsch in his Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewächse95. The use of the term Verein instead of Familie as well as the use of German names for these Vereine confirms his intention to facilitate a general understanding of the affinity of plants rather than the details of the natural system which were difficult to apply by his students during their herborisations. 1. Schmetterlingsblumen oder Hülsenfrüchte (Papilionaceae) 17. Rachen-, Quirlblumen (Labiatae) 2. Rosenartige Gewächse (Rosaceae, Pomaceae…) 18. Compositae 3. Malvenartige Gewächse (Malvaceae) 19. Amaranthes (Amaranthii) 4. Mohnartige Gewächse (Papaveraceae) 20. Ballblüthen (Oleaceae) 5. Ranunkelartige Gewächse (Ranunculaceae) 21. Kätzchenbäume, Laubhölzer (Amentaceae) 6. Schooten Gewächse ; Kreuzblumen (Cruciferae) 22. Nesselarten (Urticeae, Scabridae) 7. Nelkenartige Gewächse (Caryophylleae) 22. Kürbißarten (Cucurbitaceae) 8. Saftige, fleischige Gewächse (Succulentae) 23. Dreiknüpfige Gewächse (Tricoccae) 9. Epheuarten (Hederaceae) 24. Lorbeerartige Gewächse (Laurineae) 10. Schirmpflanzen, oder Dolden Gewächse (Umbellifereae) 25. Nadelhölzer, Zapfenbäume (Coniferae) 92 Voigt, Fr. S. 1817. Op. cit. supra: p. 639. 93 Voigt, F. S. 1819. Op. cit. note 75. 94 Ebenda: p. 127. “Um für gegenwärtige Zwecke das wichtigste der Pflanzenwelt im Speziellen zu geben, werden zwei und dreißig bekannte natürliche Vereine ausreichen, die jedoch, sowie hier stehen, noch kein wissenschaftlich natürliches System ausmachen.” In fact he described 32 number of Vereine because of a printing mistake. 95 Batsch, A. J. G. K. Versuch einer Anleitung, zur Kenntniß und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien […], Jena, Akademische Buchhandlung, 1788-1789.
Plant systematics in Jena during the early 19 th century 11.Windenarten (Convolvulaceae) 26. Palmen (Palmae) 12. Contorten (Contortae) 27. Gräser (Gramina) 13. Heidartige Gewächse (Ericaceae) 28. Liliengewächse (Liliaceae) 14. Primelartige Gewächse (Primulaceae) 29. Farrenkräuter 15. Tollkräuter (Lurideae) 30. Moose 16. Scharfblättrige Gewächse (Asperifoliae) 31. Algen, Tange (Alga marinae), Flechten 32. Schwämme und Pilze Figure 4: The natural associations “Vereine” according to Fr. S. Voigt. In his Lehrbuch der Botanik 96 (1827) Fr. S. Voigt developed a new system of classification, but one still based on the same fundamental principle: the weighting of plant characteristics. There were 203 natural families at this time, but such an increase in the number of natural families is common in the literature of the early 19 th century. Thus, in the introduction to his natural system (1830) 97 J. Lindley announced the necessity of creating new natural divisions, while F. G. Bartling 98, who tried to combine A.-L. de Jussieu’s natural method and the “Theorie élémentaire” of A.-P. de Candolle, proposed in his “Ordines plantarum” 60 orders and 170 natural families. K. P. Sprengel confirmed this tendency in an unauthorised German translation of the “Théorie élementaire”: „Es kann nicht fehlen, dass, je weitere Forschritte man macht, desto mehr Familien werden entdeckt werden; denn immer wird man bey einzelnen Gruppen solche Auszeichnungen gewahr, die sie von der Familie unterscheiden, zu welcher man sie sonst zu zählen pflegte.“ 99 The chronology below (Figure 5) clearly illustrates the development of Fr. S. Voigt’s ideas of a natural system and the relations of his developing ideas with his contact to Parisian botanists. We must not forget the influence of A.-P. de Candolle on the work of Fr. S. Voigt. Although the latter mentioned the Genevan professor many times, he did not apply his advanced terminology 100 nor did he mention that plant affinities could be established on the basis of a common symmetrical arrangement of the floral organs, an idea very clear in the Théorie élémentaire 101. 96 Voigt, Fr. S. 1827, Op. cit. note 2. 97 Lindley, J. An introduction to the natural system of botany. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, 1830. 98 Bartling, F. G. Ordines naturales plantarum. Gottingae, Dietrich, 1830. 99 Sprengel, K. P. [& De Candolle, A.-P.] 1820. Op. cit. note 6: p. 139. 100 “Auch manches bloss von einem einzelnen Autor gebrauchte Wort, wenn es überflüssig schien, ist bei Seite geblieben , wie die kleinlichen Abänderungen ohne allen Werth deren sich Herr Decandolle hie und da bedien, z. B. petiolulatus etc., oder die ganz unschickliche Bezeichnung einer einjährigen Pflanze durch pl. Monocarpa u. s. w”. Voigt, Fr. S. 1824. Op. cit. note 76: pp. vii-viii. 101 In this way the morphological variation between species may be explained through the modification of this symmetry resulting from the failure, the degeneration and the fusion of organs. Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005) 135
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