Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

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58 Address for correspondence: PD Dr. Uwe Hoßfeld Institut für Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik Ernst-Haeckel-Haus Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Berggasse 7 D-07745 Jena, Germany uwe.hossfeld@uni-jena.de Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005) Hoßfeld & Breidbach
Predator-driven macroevolution in flyingfishes inferred from behavioural studies: historical controversies and a hypothesis Ulrich Kutschera Abstract Flyingfishes (Exocoetidae) are unique oceanic animals that use their tail and their large, wing-like pectoral fins to launch themselves out of the water and glide through the air. Independent observations document that flyingfishes use their gliding ability to escape from aquatic predators such as dolphins (marine mammals). The fossil record of flyingfishes is very poor. Nevertheless, the evolution of gliding among flyingfishes and their allies (Beloniformes) was analysed and reconstructed by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz (1903 – 1989) and other zoologists. In this article I review the comparative method in evolutionary biology, describe historical controversies concerning the biology and systematics of flyingfishes and present a hypothesis on the phylogenetic development of gliding among these marine vertebrates. This integrative model is based on behavioural studies and has been corroborated by molecular data (evolutionary trees derived from DNA sequences). Introduction Since the publication of Darwin´s classical book (1872, 1 st ed. 1859), evolutionary biology has relied primarily upon comparative studies of extant organisms (animals, plants), supplemented whenever possible by information obtained from the fossil record. This interaction between neontological and palaeontological research has greatly enriched our knowledge of the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of a variety of macro-organisms, notably hard-shelled marine invertebrates (molluscs etc.) and vertebrates, for which thousands of well-preserved fossils have been described. Such comparative studies have become considerably more significant with the development of molecular methods for reconstructing DNA-sequence-based phylogenies and with the increased rigour with which the comparative method has been applied. Charles Darwin used a strictly comparative approach when he remarked that "in searching for the gradations through which an organ in any species has been perfected, we ought to look exclusively to its lineal progenitors; but this is scarcely ever possible, and we are forced to look to other species and genera of the same group, that is to the collateral descendants from the same parentform" (Darwin 1872, p. 182). Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, Vol. 10 (2005): 59-77 59
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