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Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

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120<br />

<strong>Annals</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Philosophy</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biology</strong>, Vol. 10 (2005)<br />

Nicolas Robin & Frank Hellwig<br />

system still under construction 16. In contrast to this <strong>the</strong> “Methode” in German can<br />

hardly be applied to this temporary representation <strong>of</strong> a natural classification <strong>of</strong> plants <strong>and</strong><br />

consequently Fr. S. Voigt replaced it by <strong>the</strong> word “System” in his interpretation entitled<br />

Darstellung des natürlichen Pflanzensystems von Jussieu (1806). In French again A.-L. de Jussieu<br />

did not use <strong>the</strong> word system to name his classification but <strong>the</strong> expressions Methodus naturalis<br />

<strong>and</strong> Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita in <strong>the</strong> title <strong>of</strong> his book. O<strong>the</strong>r<br />

German botanists were also aware <strong>of</strong> this distinction between “méthode” <strong>and</strong> system 17.<br />

The botanist Leo count Henckel von Donnersmarck 18 <strong>of</strong>fered an accurate definition <strong>of</strong><br />

system <strong>and</strong> method in a letter to Augustin Nicaise Desvaux (1784-1856), <strong>the</strong> editor <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> Journal de Botanique:<br />

“Vous connaissez tout aussi bien que moi la différence qu’admet l’école entre système et méthode.<br />

Dans le premier tout part d’une considération fondamentale unique, t<strong>and</strong>is que dans la<br />

seconde, l’édifice repose sur des fondemens souvent assez nombreux.” 19<br />

This letter from L. Henckel von Donnersmarck was a reply to an inappropriate obituary<br />

<strong>of</strong> Fr. S. Voigt (37 years before his death!) by A. N. Desvaux, where he treated German<br />

science with much condescencion. He claimed that Fr. S. Voigt’s Darstellung des natürlichen<br />

Pflanzensystems von Jussieu 20 had “avenged” his nation for its lack <strong>of</strong> philosophical ideas<br />

about <strong>the</strong> plant classification!<br />

“[Fr. S. Voigt] ne marchais pas aveuglément sur les traces de ceux qui l’avaient précédé parmi ses<br />

compatriotes. En effet, tous n’avait, pour ainsi dire, jeté qu’un coup d’œil indifférent sur les rapports<br />

naturels des végétaux ; séduit par la trompeuse simplicité du système de Linnée [sic.], ils<br />

négligeaient toute recherche tentant à établir une classification plus méthodique, mais en apparence<br />

plus difficile.” 21<br />

While Fr. S. Voigt did not use <strong>the</strong> term “méthode” he was aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> French meaning<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> word, as he wrote in his Lehrbuch der Botanik (1827):<br />

“Das sogenannte natürliche Pflanzensystem, in Frankreich vorsichtig méthode naturelle genannt,<br />

sucht nach allen an der Pflanze, innerlich wie äusserlich, aufzufindenden Merkmalen, das Aehnli-<br />

16 A.-L. de Jussieu wrote: “Utilitas methodi ea est ut genera species similes connectantia, in sectiones notis<br />

secundariis designatas convocata, ulterius congregata in classes ex nonnullis sectionibus composites signoque<br />

definitas primario ac simpliciori […]”Jussieu, A.-L. 1789, op. cit. note 3 : p. xxvij.<br />

17 K. P. Sprengel explained in a translation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Théorie élémentaire <strong>of</strong> A.-P. De C<strong>and</strong>olle: “Dann befolgt man<br />

eine natürliche Methode, die eben deswegen nicht System genannt werden kann, weil es an der Einheit des<br />

Prinzips mangelt.” See Sprengel, K. [& De C<strong>and</strong>olle, A.-P.]. Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Pflanzenkunde zu<br />

Vorlesungen. Leipzig, C. Cnobloch, 1820: p. 106.<br />

18Leo V. F. Henckel von Donnersmarck, count (1785-1861), botanist <strong>and</strong> collaborator with Georg August<br />

Pritzel (1815-1874) to <strong>the</strong>: Thesaurus literaturae botanicae […]. Leipzig, Brockaus, 1851.<br />

19 Leo Henckel von Donnersmarck to Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, Dessau <strong>the</strong> 25 th December 1814, in: Journal<br />

de Botanique appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie et aux Arts, 4, 1814: pp. 222-224.<br />

20 Voigt, Fr. S. 1806. Op. cit. note 4: 24 p. + tab.<br />

21 Desvaux, A. N. Notice biographique sur M. Friedrich Sigmund Voigt, in: Journal de Botanique, 1813, 1: pp.<br />

95.

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