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Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

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148<br />

<strong>Annals</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Philosophy</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biology</strong>, Vol. 10 (2005)<br />

Nicolaas A. Rupke<br />

organic forms had been brought forth that way, not only lower but also higher organisms;<br />

Burmeister specifically included humans.<br />

If primitive organisms still come into being through a process <strong>of</strong> spontaneous generation,<br />

why do higher organisms at present no longer do so – why do advanced species<br />

derive exclusively from reproductive parents, Burmeister asked? The reason for this was<br />

that in nature's economy only <strong>the</strong> necessary, never <strong>the</strong> superfluous, is allowed: when<br />

once self-reproducing organisms have formed that are capable <strong>of</strong> perpetuating <strong>the</strong> species<br />

to which <strong>the</strong>y belong, matter loses its independent procreative potency<br />

("Zeugungsmacht"). 3 A fur<strong>the</strong>r reason was that <strong>the</strong> organic matter from which living<br />

organisms first originated is no longer available in sufficient quantity. The organic matrix<br />

("organische Grundmaterie") – Burmeister believed – had been produced in copious<br />

quantities during <strong>the</strong> early phase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earth, when <strong>the</strong> conditions were<br />

ideal, with a plentiful supply <strong>of</strong> nitrogen- <strong>and</strong> calcium-compounds, <strong>and</strong> with high temperatures<br />

<strong>and</strong> high humidity; but this matter had been used up in <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> organic<br />

life. Therefore today only tiny infusoria could originate spontaneously or, if larger<br />

ones such as parasitic entozoa, this was because <strong>the</strong>y develop inside host organisms that<br />

provide <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> necessary organic matter. 4<br />

Thus <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first representatives <strong>of</strong> species had been <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> free<br />

procreative capacity <strong>of</strong> matter itself ("die freie Zeugungskraft der Materie selbst") <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

discontinuation <strong>of</strong> this capacity for higher organisms <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> general laws <strong>of</strong> nature's<br />

parsimoniousness. 5 This parsimony did not mean, however, that species were produced<br />

in <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> a single individual or a single pair. On <strong>the</strong> contrary – Burmeister<br />

argued – species had originally come into being at various different locations across <strong>the</strong><br />

globe. This had been particularly true <strong>of</strong> humans, <strong>the</strong> secure survival <strong>of</strong> which had been<br />

assured by nature when it produced more than a single pair <strong>and</strong> at different locations on<br />

earth. 6 By analogy to present-day processes <strong>the</strong> "Urbildung" had not produced adult<br />

individuals but more likely juvenile ones. 7<br />

3 "Durch diese Betrachtung scheint sich auch die Frage zu erledigen, warum in gegenwärtiger Zeit keine<br />

höheren Organismen mehr durch Urbildung neu entstehen, da sie doch nach der Meinung der Naturforscher,<br />

welche die Generatio aequivoca annehmen, vormals auf solche Weise entst<strong>and</strong>en waren. Denn da alle<br />

diese höheren Organismen mit eigenthümlichen Fortpflanzungsorganen versehen sind, so besitzen sie in<br />

ihnen die Mittel zum selbstthätigen Erzeugen ihres Gleichen in hinreichendem Maaße, um für die gleichmäßige<br />

Fortdauer der Art, deren Glieder sie sind, sorgen zu können. Sie brauchen daher nirgends neu zu entstehen"<br />

(Burmeister 1848, 313-314).<br />

4 "Auch fehlt es vielleicht an der materiellen Grundlage, woraus sich neue Geschöpfe bilden könnten, da bei<br />

weitem die meiste organische Substanz der Gegenwart sich bereits in lebendigen Organismen befindet, und<br />

kein Vorrath zur Entstehung neuer Individuen in <strong>and</strong>erer Weise als durch Zeugung vorh<strong>and</strong>en zu sein<br />

scheint" (Burmeister 1848, 314).<br />

5 "Wollen wir also nicht zu Wundern und Unbegreiflichkeiten unsere Zuflucht nehmen, so müssen wir die<br />

Entstehung der ersten organischen Geschöpfe auf der Erde durch die freie Zeugungskraft der Materie selbst<br />

einräumen und die Gründe, warum diese Zeugungskraft jetzt nicht mehr für höhere Organismen fortdauert,<br />

aus allgemeinen Naturgesetzen, denen zufolge nur das Nothwendige, nicht das Ueberflüssige statuirt worden<br />

ist, deduciren" (Burmeister 1848, 314).<br />

6 "Konnte die Natur zu einer gewissen Zeit ein Menschenpaar schaffen, so konnte sie auch mehrere erzeugen,<br />

ja sie mußte das, wenn sie die Existenz ihres Geschaffenen für immer gesichert wissen wollte" (Bur-

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