Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica, J. and Loomis, M. (1976). Swan mortality due to certain heavy metals in the Mission Lake area. Idaho Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 15: 171-174. Birkhead, M. (1983). Blood lead levels in Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal Zoology (London). 198: 15-25 Chisolm, J.J. (1973). Management of increased lead absorption and lead poisoning in children. New England Journal of Medicine. 289: 1016-1024. Hutton, M. (1980). Metal contamination of Feral pigeons, Columba livia form the London area: Part 2. Biological effects of lead exposure Environmental Pollution. Series (A): 22: 281-293. Hutton, M. and Goodman, G.T. (1980). Metal contamination of Feral pigeons Columba livia from the London area: Part 1 - Tissue accumulation of lead, cadmium and zinc. Environmental Pollution Series. (A): 207-217. Janssen, D.L., Oosterhuis, J.E., Allen, J.L., Anderson, M.P., Kelts, D.G. and Wiemeyer S.N. (1986). Lead poisoning in free ranging California condors. Journal of American Veterinary and Medical Association. 189: 1115-1117. Lee, W.R. (1981). What happens in lead poisoning? Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 15: 48-54. O'Halloran, J. and Duggan, P.F. (1984). Lead levels in Mute swans in Cork. Irish Birds: 2: 501-514. Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K, Yagyu, H. (1974). The pigeon as a sensor of lead pollution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 12: 92-98. - 5 -
Simpson, V.R., Hunt, A.E. and French, M.C. (1979). Chronic lead poisoning in a herd of Mute swan. Environmental Pollution. 18: 187-202. Thomas, G.J., Perrins, C.M. and Sears, J. (1987). Lead poisoning and waterfowl. In: Angling and Wildlife in freshwaters. Ed by P.S. Maitland and A.K. Turner, 5-6. (Institute of terrestrial Ecology, Symposium No. 19) Abbots-Ripton, Institute of terrestrial Ecology. Zander, R., Lang, W. and Wolf, U.H. (1984). Alkaline haematin 575-AHD a new tool for the determination of haemoglobin as an alternative to the cyanhaemoglobin method 1: Description of the method. Clinical Chemica Acta: 136: 83-93. - 6 -
Page 2 and 3: 0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
Page 4 and 5: This thesis is dedicated to my moth
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
Page 8 and 9: - what are the best methods for the
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
Page 14 and 15: MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
Page 16 and 17: standards are now available, it is
Page 18 and 19: I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
Page 20 and 21: developed and (c) information on bl
Page 22 and 23: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
Page 24 and 25: Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
Page 26 and 27: Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
Page 28 and 29: RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
Page 30 and 31: 16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
Page 32 and 33: for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
Page 34 and 35: Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
Page 36 and 37: 30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
Page 38 and 39: Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
Page 40 and 41: median value of lead in April is si
Page 43 and 44: elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
Page 45 and 46: Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
Page 47 and 48: Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
Page 51 and 52: mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
Page 53 and 54: commute from areas up to 20km away
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
Page 57 and 58: I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
Page 61 and 62:
I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64:
42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
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irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
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I the pellets as they moved in shor
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i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
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Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92:
SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
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I adults, immatures, females and ma
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I centrifugation in microhaematocri
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RESULTS All blood samples included
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Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
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Table 3. Haematological and biochem
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Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
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Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
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considered when using protoporphyri
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I the blood constituents, reflectin
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REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
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i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
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CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
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INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
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I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
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I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
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Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128:
Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
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DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
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which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134:
REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
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O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
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many others for helping to catch sw
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APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
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intense fishing in summer and large
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area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
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levels of the birds on the Lee also
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i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
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in blood. In general, healthy birds
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toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154:
London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156:
Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158:
Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159:
Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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