Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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I Eastin, W.C.,Jr., Hoffman, D.J. and O'Leary, T. (1983). Lead accumulation and depression of delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in young birds fed automotive waste oil. Archives of Environmental contamination and Toxicology. 12: 31-35. Eccleston, E. (1977). Normal haematological values in rats, mice and marmosets. In: Comparative Clinical Haematology. Ed. R.K.Archer and L.B.Jeffcott. Blackwell. Oxford. 611-619. Freeman, B.M. (1984). Ed. Physiology and Biochemistry of the domestic fowl. Academic Press. London. Hawkey, C., Samour, J.H., Ashton, ·n.G., Hart MG Ci'ndery RN '.I. •• , ' •• , Ffinch, J.M., and Jones, D.M. (1983). Normal and clinical haematology of captive cranes (Gruiformes). Avian Pathology 12: 73-84. Hawkey, C., Hart, M.G., Samour, J.H., Knight, J.A. and Hutton, R.E. (1984). Haematological findings in healthy and sick captive rosy flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Hochbaum, H.A. (1942). cloacal examination. Sex and age determination of waterfowl by North American Wildlife Conference Transactions. 7: 294-307. Hodges, R.D. (1977). Avian haematology. In: Comparative Clinical Haematology. Eds R.K.Archer and L.B.Jeffcott. Blackwell. Oxford. p483-517. Janssen, D.L., Oosterhuis, J.E., Allen, J.L., Anderson, M.P., Kelts, D.G. and Wiemeyer, S.N. (1986). Lead poisoning in free ranging California condors. Journal of the American Veterinary and Medical Association. 189: 1115-1117. Lee, W.R. ·(1981). What happens in lead poisoning?. Journal of the Royal College of Physicans of London. 15: 48-54. - 109 -
i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961). Agricultural Monograph No.25. Agriculture. Atlas of avian haematology. Washington, U.S. Departmenty of Lumeij, J.T. (1985). Clinicopathologic aspects of lead poisoning in birds: A review. The Veterinary Quarterly. 7: 133-136. O'Halloran, J. and Duggan, P.F. (1984). Lead levels in Mute swans in Cork. Irish Birds. 2: 501-514. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Duggan, P.F. (1987a). Lead poisoning in Mute swans and fishing practice in Ireland. In: Biological Indicators of Pollution. Ed. D.H.Richardson. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin. pl83-191. O'Halloran, J., Duggan, P.F. and Myers, A.A. (1987b). Determination of haemoglobin in birds by a modified alkaline haematin (D-575) method. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 86(B): 701-704. O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Duggan, P.F. (in press). Lead poisoning in swans and sources of contamination in Ireland. Journal of Zoology (London). Panigahy, B., Rowe, L.D. and Carrier, D.E. (1986). Haematological values and changes in blood chemistry in chickens with infectious bursal disease. Research in Veterinary Science. 40: 86-88. Peter, F., Growcock, G. and Strunc, G. (1978). Fluorometric determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in blood, a comparison between direct (hematofluorometric) and indirect (extraction) methods. Clinical Chemistry. 24: 1515-1517. Roscoe, D.E., Nielsen, S.W., Lamola, A.A. and Zuckerman, D. (1979). A simple, quantitative test for erythrocytic protoporphyrin in lead poisoned ducks. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 15: 127-136. - 110 -
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
Page 63 and 64: 42,000 anglers visit the State each
Page 65 and 66: MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
Page 67 and 68: 30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
Page 69 and 70: lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
Page 71 and 72: RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
Page 73 and 74: I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
Page 75 and 76: I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
Page 77 and 78: Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
Page 79 and 80: Table V. Median water lead levels (
Page 81 and 82: of pellets had occured. What is sig
Page 83 and 84: irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
Page 85 and 86: I the pellets as they moved in shor
Page 87 and 88: i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
Page 89 and 90: Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
Page 91 and 92: SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
Page 93 and 94: I adults, immatures, females and ma
Page 95 and 96: I centrifugation in microhaematocri
Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145 and 146: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 147 and 148: i oesophagus, proventriculus and gi
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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