Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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OTHERS LEE Je lO ,, 30 H ~ 7• r/J 0 a: Cll LI. 0 a: u..: w Cll ~ :::) z l 20..: LOUGH ,, _: '"'- I I IG 10 I I I •, I I Joe JM Jeie l.S• '" t4tt. . '" LEAD CONCENTRATION Qm/100mla Fig. 3 Lead concentration ttgm/ IOOmls vs. number of birds sampled from the country sites (a), from the River Lee (b) and from The Lough (c). The carcass was noticeably light (Table 1), and atrophy of the pectoral muscles was a striking feature of post mortem. The liver appeared noticeably darker than the non-poisoned bird and the gallbladder was greatly distended. The heart was flaccid. The Table 4 Blood Lead levels (µg/lOOmls) for dlff erent age groups at OTHERS AGE ADULT SUB-ADULT CYGNET TOTAL MEAN 13.04 5.7 10.94 S.D. +6.13 ±0.S ±6.64 RANGE 4.14-22. 7 5.2-6.2 4.14-22. 77 n 5 2 7 - 141 -
i oesophagus, proventriculus and gizzard were impacted with food ( 150 gms consisting mostly of grass and a small quantity of bread). The horny epithelium of the gizzard was yellow in colour and broken away from the basement membrane. Four split shot lead weights were found in the gizzard. By comparison with those of the nonpoisoned cygnet, the remaining internal organs appeared normal. However, in the lead poisoned bird the weight of the heart and gizzard were noticeably lighter (Table 5). (b) The Cygnet The cygnet had suffered severe fractures and many of the tissues were damaged due to the accident. The weight of the bird was normal for a bird of its age (Table 1). The pectoral muscle was normal, and the oesophagus, proventriculus and gizzard showed no sign of being impacted. The gizzard contained no lead weights, its weight and that of the heart were heavier than those of the poisoned bird (Table 5). Histological Results Plate 72 reveals a large intra-nuclear inclusion body within the nucleus of a proximal tubule cell from the kidney of the poisoned swan. Electron microscope examination revealed that these inclusion bodies were present throughout the kidney tissue. The inclusion bodies were not only found in the nucleus but were also found in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. These bodies were not confined to the Plate 7 J. Abnormal carnage of neck of lea d po i sone d M; u te Swan at Cork cityPhoto: J. H. Daly - 142 - ..
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0004067t:.7 1~11111 /I llll II llll
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This thesis is dedicated to my moth
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ABSTRACT Lead toxicity in Mute swan
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- what are the best methods for the
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Benson, W.W., Brock, O.W., Gabrica,
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CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF HAEMOGLO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood was obt
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standards are now available, it is
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I ' ABSTRACT The use of blood lead
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developed and (c) information on bl
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites.
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Swans were sexed by cloacal examina
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Red blood cell protoporphyrin .. Th
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RESULTS Blood Lead Levels Diel vari
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16.00 24.CO 2.00 7.00 - ~ ~--1_ J l
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for corrected lead values (ug /g Rb
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Table 2. Blood lead levels of indiv
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30 20 (A) n = 357 10 0-.99 1- 2- 3-
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Blood lead is very labile (Chamberl
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median value of lead in April is si
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elevated lead levels. (2) Haemoglob
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Chisolm, J.J. & Browne, D.R. (1975)
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Ohi, G., Seki, H., Akiyama, K. & Ya
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 1 LEAD POISONING
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mammals' (Finley et al. 1976). This
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commute from areas up to 20km away
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TABLE 1: Causes of death in Irish s
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I 4. Coiled shot: malleable stainle
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CHAPTER 3: SECTION 2 LEAD POISONING
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I INTRODUCTION The importance of le
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42,000 anglers visit the State each
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites B
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30KM f Fig.l Map of Ireland indicat
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lead. X-ray. They were subsequently
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RESULTS Blood levels Blood lead lev
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I Table.II Proportion of lead poiso
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I of the gizzard and oesophagus and
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Table IV. 11 (of 41) X-rayed swans
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Table V. Median water lead levels (
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of pellets had occured. What is sig
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irds by Bellrose (1959) in the U.S.
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I the pellets as they moved in shor
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i Chamberlain, A.G. (1985). Predict
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Ong, C.N. & Lee, W.R. (1980). Inter
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SUMMARY Reference levels of some bi
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I adults, immatures, females and ma
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Page 97 and 98: RESULTS All blood samples included
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Mean (± s.e.) maximum and
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Haematological and biochem
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. Haemoglobin, haematocrit a
Page 105 and 106: Table 6. Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 107 and 108: DISCUSSION The normal range of haem
Page 109 and 110: considered when using protoporphyri
Page 111 and 112: I the blood constituents, reflectin
Page 113 and 114: REFERENCES Bates, F.Y., Barnes, D.M
Page 115 and 116: i Lucas, A.M. and Jamroz, C. (1961)
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 TISSUE LEAD LEVELS AND HA
Page 119 and 120: INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning through
Page 121 and 122: I r MATERIALS AND METHODS Collectio
Page 123 and 124: I RESULTS Tissue lead levels Tissue
Page 125 and 126: Table 1. Tissue lead levels (ug/ g)
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Age, sex, blood lead level
Page 129 and 130: DISCUSSION Tissue lead levels have
Page 131 and 132: which had collided had raised blood
Page 133 and 134: REFERENCES Anders, E., Dietz, D.D.,
Page 135 and 136: O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A. and Dug
Page 137 and 138: many others for helping to catch sw
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX 1 LEAD LEVELS IN MUTE SWAN
Page 141 and 142: intense fishing in summer and large
Page 143 and 144: area of 4m 2 , were taken. The samp
Page 145: levels of the birds on the Lee also
Page 149 and 150: in blood. In general, healthy birds
Page 151 and 152: toxic lea? l~vels. The post-mortem
Page 153 and 154: London area. Part 2 Biological Effe
Page 155 and 156: Prelin1inary results of ringing Mut
Page 157 and 158: Ringed Mute S1rans ?f the. 61 I r~~
Page 159: Acknowledgments Ringed Mute S1ra11s
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Lead Toxicity in Mute Swans

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